Description
PMID:39819742 reviewed that amyloid-beta, alpha-synuclein, and TDP-43 are found in peripheral tissues and can travel bidirectionally along the gut-brain and blood-brain axes. Which specific transport mechanisms (exosomes, lysosomal leakage, cell-free protein) dominate for each protein, and whether peripheral proteinopathy contributes causally to neurological onset versus serving as a biomarker is unresolved.