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What resolves this contention: Whether top-down vs neuromodulatory inputs are the primary driver of cortical VIP recruitment / VIP recruitment during arousal/locomotion in V1 is driven primarily by cholinergic basal-forebrain inputs via nicotinic receptors (state/neuromodulatory). / VIP recruitment in S1 and during attention is driven primarily by long-range glutamatergic top-down inputs from frontal/secondary motor areas (cingulate, vM1).
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50d405d3475c — 5/17/2026, 4:35:28 PM (live)
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50d405d3475c — 5/17/2026, 4:35:28 PM (live)
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