{
"title": "Stress effects on multiple neuromodulatory systems: acute vs chronic",
"papers": [
{
"n": null,
"doi": "10.3390/biomedicines11051398",
"value": "2%",
"n_analyzed": null,
"n_definition": "varies by study",
"scope_region": "varies by study",
"study_system": "rat",
"scope_population": "rat",
"value_source_sentence": "According to accessible statistics, these detrimental consequences could affect up to 2% of the world’s population [ 3 ]."
},
{
"n": null,
"doi": "10.7759/cureus.67595",
"value": "20%",
"n_analyzed": null,
"n_definition": "varies by study",
"scope_region": "varies by study",
"study_system": "rat",
"scope_population": "rat",
"value_source_sentence": "Depression is a frequent coexisting condition in AD, seen in 20%-30% of patients, but the exact nature of the relationship between depression and AD is still debated."
},
{
"n": 19,
"doi": "10.1038/s41467-024-49336-4",
"value": "42.1%",
"n_analyzed": 19,
"n_definition": "varies by study",
"scope_region": "varies by study",
"study_system": "mouse",
"scope_population": "mouse",
"value_source_sentence": "their respective controls), where we observed that ~42.1% and ~48."
},
{
"n": null,
"doi": "10.3389/fnmol.2022.1002846",
"value": "10 nM",
"n_analyzed": null,
"n_definition": "varies by study",
"scope_region": "varies by study",
"study_system": "rat",
"scope_population": "rat",
"value_source_sentence": "The OTR is expressed in various cell populations within a distributed network across the brain and binds OT with an affinity of about 1–10 nM ( Chini et al."
},
{
"n": null,
"doi": "10.4103/1673-5374.377587",
"value": "1%",
"n_analyzed": null,
"n_definition": "varies by study",
"scope_region": "varies by study",
"study_system": "rat",
"scope_population": "rat",
"value_source_sentence": "Although dopaminergic neurons account for less than 1% of the total number of neurons in the brain, they control important functions of the brain, including motor behavior, reinforcement, motivation, "
},
{
"n": null,
"doi": "10.1186/s12993-025-00273-2",
"value": "26%",
"n_analyzed": null,
"n_definition": "varies by study",
"scope_region": "varies by study",
"study_system": "rat",
"scope_population": "rat",
"value_source_sentence": "Preliminary data indicate a 26% increase in anxiety disorders and a 28% increase in major depressive disorders within a single year [ 2 ]."
},
{
"n": null,
"doi": "10.3390/life15040593",
"value": "2.4%",
"n_analyzed": null,
"n_definition": "varies by study",
"scope_region": "varies by study",
"study_system": "rat",
"scope_population": "rat",
"value_source_sentence": "Globally, BD affects approximately 2.4% of the population, with 6–7% of patients at risk of suicide [ 12 ]."
},
{
"n": null,
"doi": "10.1080/15502783.2025.2534130",
"value": "100%",
"n_analyzed": null,
"n_definition": "varies by study",
"scope_region": "varies by study",
"study_system": "rat",
"scope_population": "rat",
"value_source_sentence": "[ 9 ]) but it is estimated to be close to 100% [ 1 ]."
},
{
"n": null,
"doi": "10.3389/fnmol.2025.1675814",
"value": "50%",
"n_analyzed": null,
"n_definition": "varies by study",
"scope_region": "varies by study",
"study_system": "rat",
"scope_population": "rat",
"value_source_sentence": "Epidemiological studies suggest that approximately 30 to 50% of chronic pain patients also experience depressive symptoms to varying degrees, often leading to prolonged illness, reduced treatment effi"
},
{
"n": 101,
"doi": "10.1002/glia.24617",
"value": "12 Hz",
"n_analyzed": 101,
"n_definition": "varies by study",
"scope_region": "varies by study",
"study_system": "mouse",
"scope_population": "mouse",
"value_source_sentence": "During natural sleep-wake cycles, we observed increased microglial complexity (enlarged volume, territorial coverage, and ramification) during wakefulness, characterized by high-frequency theta (8-12 Hz) and gamma activity (30-80 Hz)."
},
{
"n": null,
"doi": "10.3390/biom14050560",
"value": "80%",
"n_analyzed": null,
"n_definition": "varies by study",
"scope_region": "varies by study",
"study_system": "rat",
"scope_population": "rat",
"value_source_sentence": "Gastrointestinal toxicities occur in up to 80% of patients receiving chemotherapies, resulting in pain sensation, nausea, infection, diarrhea, and malabsorption of nutrients [ 5 ]."
},
{
"n": 50,
"doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-8321466/v2",
"value": "1Hz",
"n_analyzed": 50,
"n_definition": "varies by study",
"scope_region": "varies by study",
"study_system": "rat",
"scope_population": "rat",
"value_source_sentence": "However, after active TMS (1Hz, 36,000 pulses) target topography was significantly different."
},
{
"n": null,
"doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-8756192/v1",
"value": "qualitative - see source sentence",
"n_analyzed": null,
"n_definition": "varies by study",
"scope_region": "varies by study",
"study_system": "human",
"scope_population": "human",
"value_source_sentence": "<h4>Results:</h4> State anxiety showed a significant Time × Protocol interaction (F(1,35)=4.22, p=0.047): STAI-S decreased after active tACS (Δ=−3.16) but increased slightly after sham (Δ=+1.17)."
},
{
"n": null,
"doi": "10.1101/2025.09.07.673917",
"value": "qualitative - see source sentence",
"n_analyzed": null,
"n_definition": "varies by study",
"scope_region": "varies by study",
"study_system": "rat",
"scope_population": "rat",
"value_source_sentence": "Concurrently, tDCS induced an increase in HRV indices such as RMSSD, SDNN, pNN50, and Poincaré plot measures SD1 and SD2, reflecting enhanced parasympathetic activity and autonomic regulation."
},
{
"n": null,
"doi": "10.20944/preprints202511.1353.v1",
"value": "qualitative - see source sentence",
"n_analyzed": null,
"n_definition": "varies by study",
"scope_region": "varies by study",
"study_system": "rat",
"scope_population": "rat",
"value_source_sentence": "Through descending circuits taVNS can modulate the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway to suppresses the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6 mitigating poor health outcomes "
},
{
"n": 50,
"doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-8321466/v1",
"value": "1Hz",
"n_analyzed": 50,
"n_definition": "varies by study",
"scope_region": "varies by study",
"study_system": "human",
"scope_population": "human",
"value_source_sentence": "However, after active TMS (1Hz, 36,000 pulses) target topography was significantly different."
},
{
"n": 5,
"doi": "10.1101/2025.09.03.25334438",
"value": "70%",
"n_analyzed": 5,
"n_definition": "varies by study",
"scope_region": "varies by study",
"study_system": "rat",
"scope_population": "rat",
"value_source_sentence": "<h4>Results</h4> Eleven studies met inclusion criteria, targeting the amygdala (n = 5), prefrontal cortex (n = 5), or subcallosal cingulate cortex (n = 1), with protocols varying in frequency (250–650 kHz), duty cycle (0.5–70%), and number of sessions (1–25)."
},
{
"n": null,
"doi": "10.1101/2025.07.25.666737",
"value": "qualitative - see source sentence",
"n_analyzed": null,
"n_definition": "varies by study",
"scope_region": "varies by study",
"study_system": "rat",
"scope_population": "rat",
"value_source_sentence": "The increase in acceptance efficiency correlated significantly with the reduced CH38 activation (Rho = - 0.425) and increased CH64 activation (Rho = 0.499)."
},
{
"n": null,
"doi": "10.31234/osf.io/gpr28_v1",
"value": "98.52%",
"n_analyzed": null,
"n_definition": "varies by study",
"scope_region": "varies by study",
"study_system": "rat",
"scope_population": "rat",
"value_source_sentence": "<h4>Results:</h4> Among full-treatment users, 98.52% reported overall satisfaction, accompanied by a low refund rate of 1.48%."
},
{
"n": null,
"doi": "10.31234/osf.io/gpr28",
"value": "98.52%",
"n_analyzed": null,
"n_definition": "varies by study",
"scope_region": "varies by study",
"study_system": "rat",
"scope_population": "rat",
"value_source_sentence": "<h4>Results:</h4> Among full-treatment users, 98.52% reported overall satisfaction, accompanied by a low refund rate of 1.48%."
},
{
"n": 308,
"doi": "10.31234/osf.io/jn2wm_v1",
"value": "7 Hz",
"n_analyzed": 308,
"n_definition": "varies by study",
"scope_region": "varies by study",
"study_system": "rat",
"scope_population": "rat",
"value_source_sentence": "<p>Auditory beat stimulation in the delta–theta frequency range (0–7 Hz) is gaining interest as a noninvasive intervention for anxiety."
}
],
"x_axis": "Neuromodulatory system (DA / 5-HT / NE / ACh)",
"y_axis": "Effect direction (acute vs chronic stress)",
"figure_id": "fig_sec8_stress_modulator_interaction",
"comparison_type": "acute vs chronic stress effects across modulatory systems",
"homogeneity_check": {
"caveats": [
"Acute and chronic stress defined differently across studies",
"Different stress paradigms (restraint, social defeat, CORT injection, CRF)",
"Different brain regions measured across studies",
"Some studies measure release, others measure receptor expression or firing rate",
"Species differences (mouse vs rat vs human)"
],
"comparable": false
}
}