Gap-Junctional Coupling and Astrocyte Networks

Gap-Junctional Coupling and Astrocyte Networks

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• ^{1Citationpaper:paper-f2e1693bc7b3Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference} Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...

• ^{2Citationpaper:paper-094367a4c6d9Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference} Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...

• ^{3Citationpaper:paper-3f28e3a161d6Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference} Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...

• ^{4Citationpaper:paper-aa1b9d922d8fSection {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference} Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...

• ^{5Citationpaper:paper-ba3b3cda80d2Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference} Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...

• ^{6Citationpaper:paper-a53f3baa1b97Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference} Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...

• ^{7Citationpaper:paper-29515899cf63Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference} Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...

• ^{8Citationpaper:paper-dfd928fac4a2Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference} Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...

• ^{9Citationpaper:paper-ac62a8524286Astrocyte syncytium in cortex. Domain-tiled astrocytes are coupled by Cx43/Cx30 gap junctions into a panglial network. The schematic summarises four well-replicated functions of the coupled domain: propagating Ca²⁺ waves between astrocytes [goldberg2010ploscomput,iglesias2009jneurosci,patel2014febs]; spatial K⁺ buffering from the synapse to the endfoot/vessel interface [wallraff2006jneu...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 11Open reference} Astrocyte syncytium in cortex. Domain-tiled astrocytes are coupled by Cx43/Cx30 gap junctions into a panglial network. The schematic summarises four well-replicated functions of the coupled domain: propagating Ca²⁺ waves between astrocytes ^{9Citationpaper:paper-ac62a8524286Astrocyte syncytium in cortex. Domain-tiled astrocytes are coupled by Cx43/Cx30 gap junctions into a panglial network. The schematic summarises four well-replicated functions of the coupled domain: propagating Ca²⁺ waves between astrocytes [goldberg2010ploscomput,iglesias2009jneurosci,patel2014febs]; spatial K⁺ buffering from the synapse to the endfoot/vessel interface [wallraff2006jneu...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 11Open reference, 10Citationpaper:paper-d1f6ee35e6fdAstrocyte syncytium in cortex. Domain-tiled astrocytes are coupled by Cx43/Cx30 gap junctions into a panglial network. The schematic summarises four well-replicated functions of the coupled domain: propagating Ca²⁺ waves between astrocytes [goldberg2010ploscomput,iglesias2009jneurosci,patel2014febs]; spatial K⁺ buffering from the synapse to the endfoot/vessel interface [wallraff2006jneu...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 11Open reference, 11Citationpaper:paper-cb600c65cc56Astrocyte syncytium in cortex. Domain-tiled astrocytes are coupled by Cx43/Cx30 gap junctions into a panglial network. The schematic summarises four well-replicated functions of the coupled domain: propagating Ca²⁺ waves between astrocytes [goldberg2010ploscomput,iglesias2009jneurosci,patel2014febs]; spatial K⁺ buffering from the synapse to the endfoot/vessel interface [wallraff2006jneu...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 11Open reference}; spatial K⁺ buffering from the synapse to the endfoot/vessel interface [wallraff_2006_jneu...

• ^{2Citationpaper:paper-094367a4c6d9Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}0 Astrocyte syncytium in cortex. Domain-tiled astrocytes are coupled by Cx43/Cx30 gap junctions into a panglial network. The schematic summarises four well-replicated functions of the coupled domain: propagating Ca²⁺ waves between astrocytes ^{2Citationpaper:paper-094367a4c6d9Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}1; spatial K⁺ buffering from the synapse to the endfoot/vessel interface [wallraff_2006_jneu...

• ^{2Citationpaper:paper-094367a4c6d9Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}2 Astrocyte syncytium in cortex. Domain-tiled astrocytes are coupled by Cx43/Cx30 gap junctions into a panglial network. The schematic summarises four well-replicated functions of the coupled domain: propagating Ca²⁺ waves between astrocytes ^{2Citationpaper:paper-094367a4c6d9Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}3; spatial K⁺ buffering from the synapse to the endfoot/vessel interface [wallraff_2006_jneu...

• ^{2Citationpaper:paper-094367a4c6d9Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}4 Astrocyte syncytium in cortex. Domain-tiled astrocytes are coupled by Cx43/Cx30 gap junctions into a panglial network. The schematic summarises four well-replicated functions of the coupled domain: propagating Ca²⁺ waves between astrocytes ^{2Citationpaper:paper-094367a4c6d9Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}5; spatial K⁺ buffering from the synapse to the endfoot/vessel interface [wallraff_2006_jneu...

• ^{2Citationpaper:paper-094367a4c6d9Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}6 Astrocyte syncytium in cortex. Domain-tiled astrocytes are coupled by Cx43/Cx30 gap junctions into a panglial network. The schematic summarises four well-replicated functions of the coupled domain: propagating Ca²⁺ waves between astrocytes ^{2Citationpaper:paper-094367a4c6d9Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}7; spatial K⁺ buffering from the synapse to the endfoot/vessel interface [wallraff_2006_jneu...

• ^{2Citationpaper:paper-094367a4c6d9Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}8 Astrocyte syncytium in cortex. Domain-tiled astrocytes are coupled by Cx43/Cx30 gap junctions into a panglial network. The schematic summarises four well-replicated functions of the coupled domain: propagating Ca²⁺ waves between astrocytes ^{2Citationpaper:paper-094367a4c6d9Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}9; spatial K⁺ buffering from the synapse to the endfoot/vessel interface [wallraff_2006_jneu...

• ^{3Citationpaper:paper-3f28e3a161d6Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}0 Astrocyte syncytium in cortex. Domain-tiled astrocytes are coupled by Cx43/Cx30 gap junctions into a panglial network. The schematic summarises four well-replicated functions of the coupled domain: propagating Ca²⁺ waves between astrocytes ^{3Citationpaper:paper-3f28e3a161d6Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}1; spatial K⁺ buffering from the synapse to the endfoot/vessel interface [wallraff_2006_jneu...

• ^{3Citationpaper:paper-3f28e3a161d6Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}2 Astrocyte syncytium in cortex. Domain-tiled astrocytes are coupled by Cx43/Cx30 gap junctions into a panglial network. The schematic summarises four well-replicated functions of the coupled domain: propagating Ca²⁺ waves between astrocytes ^{3Citationpaper:paper-3f28e3a161d6Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}3; spatial K⁺ buffering from the synapse to the endfoot/vessel interface [wallraff_2006_jneu...

• ^{3Citationpaper:paper-3f28e3a161d6Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}4 Astrocyte syncytium in cortex. Domain-tiled astrocytes are coupled by Cx43/Cx30 gap junctions into a panglial network. The schematic summarises four well-replicated functions of the coupled domain: propagating Ca²⁺ waves between astrocytes ^{3Citationpaper:paper-3f28e3a161d6Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}5; spatial K⁺ buffering from the synapse to the endfoot/vessel interface [wallraff_2006_jneu...

• ^{3Citationpaper:paper-3f28e3a161d6Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}6 Astrocyte syncytium in cortex. Domain-tiled astrocytes are coupled by Cx43/Cx30 gap junctions into a panglial network. The schematic summarises four well-replicated functions of the coupled domain: propagating Ca²⁺ waves between astrocytes ^{3Citationpaper:paper-3f28e3a161d6Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}7; spatial K⁺ buffering from the synapse to the endfoot/vessel interface [wallraff_2006_jneu...

• ^{3Citationpaper:paper-3f28e3a161d6Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}8 Dye-coupling counts per injected astrocyte vary by roughly a factor of three across intact brain regions, and the variation is structured: it tracks region, dye, and whether oligodendrocytes are included in the count (Figure {ref}fig:sec7-syncytium). In lateral superior olive, biocytin injection labels on the order of 100 panglial partners per injected astrocyte ^{3Citationpaper:paper-3f28e3a161d6Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}9; in ventrobasal thalamic barr...

• ^{4Citationpaper:paper-aa1b9d922d8fSection {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}0 Dye-coupling counts per injected astrocyte vary by roughly a factor of three across intact brain regions, and the variation is structured: it tracks region, dye, and whether oligodendrocytes are included in the count (Figure {ref}fig:sec7-syncytium). In lateral superior olive, biocytin injection labels on the order of 100 panglial partners per injected astrocyte ^{4Citationpaper:paper-aa1b9d922d8fSection {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}1; in ventrobasal thalamic barr...

• ^{4Citationpaper:paper-aa1b9d922d8fSection {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}2 Dye-coupling counts per injected astrocyte vary by roughly a factor of three across intact brain regions, and the variation is structured: it tracks region, dye, and whether oligodendrocytes are included in the count (Figure {ref}fig:sec7-syncytium). In lateral superior olive, biocytin injection labels on the order of 100 panglial partners per injected astrocyte ^{4Citationpaper:paper-aa1b9d922d8fSection {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}3; in ventrobasal thalamic barr...

• ^{4Citationpaper:paper-aa1b9d922d8fSection {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}4 Dye-coupling counts per injected astrocyte vary by roughly a factor of three across intact brain regions, and the variation is structured: it tracks region, dye, and whether oligodendrocytes are included in the count (Figure {ref}fig:sec7-syncytium). In lateral superior olive, biocytin injection labels on the order of 100 panglial partners per injected astrocyte ^{4Citationpaper:paper-aa1b9d922d8fSection {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}5; in ventrobasal thalamic barr...

• ^{4Citationpaper:paper-aa1b9d922d8fSection {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}6 Coupled-cell counts per injected astrocyte across studies. Panels A–C are shown on separate axes rather than pooled, because the entries differ in region (thalamus, lateral superior olive, cortex, unspecified), tracer dye (biocytin, Alexa 568, sulforhodamine B; coupled-cell count scales with dye permeability ^{4Citationpaper:paper-aa1b9d922d8fSection {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}7), and population (panglial networks in Baum and Wadle include oligodendrocytes;...

• ^{4Citationpaper:paper-aa1b9d922d8fSection {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}8 Coupled-cell counts per injected astrocyte across studies. Panels A–C are shown on separate axes rather than pooled, because the entries differ in region (thalamus, lateral superior olive, cortex, unspecified), tracer dye (biocytin, Alexa 568, sulforhodamine B; coupled-cell count scales with dye permeability ^{4Citationpaper:paper-aa1b9d922d8fSection {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}9), and population (panglial networks in Baum and Wadle include oligodendrocytes;...

• ^{5Citationpaper:paper-ba3b3cda80d2Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}0 Coupled-cell counts per injected astrocyte across studies. Panels A–C are shown on separate axes rather than pooled, because the entries differ in region (thalamus, lateral superior olive, cortex, unspecified), tracer dye (biocytin, Alexa 568, sulforhodamine B; coupled-cell count scales with dye permeability ^{5Citationpaper:paper-ba3b3cda80d2Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}1), and population (panglial networks in Baum and Wadle include oligodendrocytes;...

• ^{5Citationpaper:paper-ba3b3cda80d2Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}2 Coupled-cell counts per injected astrocyte across studies. Panels A–C are shown on separate axes rather than pooled, because the entries differ in region (thalamus, lateral superior olive, cortex, unspecified), tracer dye (biocytin, Alexa 568, sulforhodamine B; coupled-cell count scales with dye permeability ^{5Citationpaper:paper-ba3b3cda80d2Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}3), and population (panglial networks in Baum and Wadle include oligodendrocytes;...

• ^{5Citationpaper:paper-ba3b3cda80d2Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}4 Coupled-cell counts per injected astrocyte across studies. Panels A–C are shown on separate axes rather than pooled, because the entries differ in region (thalamus, lateral superior olive, cortex, unspecified), tracer dye (biocytin, Alexa 568, sulforhodamine B; coupled-cell count scales with dye permeability ^{5Citationpaper:paper-ba3b3cda80d2Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}5), and population (panglial networks in Baum and Wadle include oligodendrocytes;...

• ^{5Citationpaper:paper-ba3b3cda80d2Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}6 Coupled-cell counts per injected astrocyte across studies. Panels A–C are shown on separate axes rather than pooled, because the entries differ in region (thalamus, lateral superior olive, cortex, unspecified), tracer dye (biocytin, Alexa 568, sulforhodamine B; coupled-cell count scales with dye permeability ^{5Citationpaper:paper-ba3b3cda80d2Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}7), and population (panglial networks in Baum and Wadle include oligodendrocytes;...

• ^{5Citationpaper:paper-ba3b3cda80d2Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}8 The qualitative picture is nonetheless consistent: an astrocyte is not an isolated cell but a node in a densely coupled network, sized in the tens to hundreds depending on region and dye permeability ^{5Citationpaper:paper-ba3b3cda80d2Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}9.

• ^{6Citationpaper:paper-a53f3baa1b97Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}0 The qualitative picture is nonetheless consistent: an astrocyte is not an isolated cell but a node in a densely coupled network, sized in the tens to hundreds depending on region and dye permeability ^{6Citationpaper:paper-a53f3baa1b97Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}1.

• ^{6Citationpaper:paper-a53f3baa1b97Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}2 The qualitative picture is nonetheless consistent: an astrocyte is not an isolated cell but a node in a densely coupled network, sized in the tens to hundreds depending on region and dye permeability ^{6Citationpaper:paper-a53f3baa1b97Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}3.

• ^{6Citationpaper:paper-a53f3baa1b97Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}4 The qualitative picture is nonetheless consistent: an astrocyte is not an isolated cell but a node in a densely coupled network, sized in the tens to hundreds depending on region and dye permeability ^{6Citationpaper:paper-a53f3baa1b97Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}5.

• ^{6Citationpaper:paper-a53f3baa1b97Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}6 The molecular anatomy of that network is moderately well resolved. Cx43 and Cx30 dominate astrocyte–astrocyte (A–A) junctions, Cx47 and Cx32 sit on oligodendrocytes, and heterotypic A–O channels pair Cx43 with Cx47 and Cx30 with Cx32 ^{6Citationpaper:paper-a53f3baa1b97Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}7. Several groups have argued that only specific connexin pairings form functi...

• ^{6Citationpaper:paper-a53f3baa1b97Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}8 The molecular anatomy of that network is moderately well resolved. Cx43 and Cx30 dominate astrocyte–astrocyte (A–A) junctions, Cx47 and Cx32 sit on oligodendrocytes, and heterotypic A–O channels pair Cx43 with Cx47 and Cx30 with Cx32 ^{6Citationpaper:paper-a53f3baa1b97Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}9. Several groups have argued that only specific connexin pairings form functi...

• ^{7Citationpaper:paper-29515899cf63Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}0 The molecular anatomy of that network is moderately well resolved. Cx43 and Cx30 dominate astrocyte–astrocyte (A–A) junctions, Cx47 and Cx32 sit on oligodendrocytes, and heterotypic A–O channels pair Cx43 with Cx47 and Cx30 with Cx32 ^{7Citationpaper:paper-29515899cf63Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}1. Several groups have argued that only specific connexin pairings form functi...

• ^{7Citationpaper:paper-29515899cf63Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}2 The molecular anatomy of that network is moderately well resolved. Cx43 and Cx30 dominate astrocyte–astrocyte (A–A) junctions, Cx47 and Cx32 sit on oligodendrocytes, and heterotypic A–O channels pair Cx43 with Cx47 and Cx30 with Cx32 ^{7Citationpaper:paper-29515899cf63Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}3. Several groups have argued that only specific connexin pairings form functi...

• ^{7Citationpaper:paper-29515899cf63Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}4 The molecular anatomy of that network is moderately well resolved. Cx43 and Cx30 dominate astrocyte–astrocyte (A–A) junctions, Cx47 and Cx32 sit on oligodendrocytes, and heterotypic A–O channels pair Cx43 with Cx47 and Cx30 with Cx32 ^{7Citationpaper:paper-29515899cf63Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}5. Several groups have argued that only specific connexin pairings form functi...

• ^{7Citationpaper:paper-29515899cf63Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}6 The molecular anatomy of that network is moderately well resolved. Cx43 and Cx30 dominate astrocyte–astrocyte (A–A) junctions, Cx47 and Cx32 sit on oligodendrocytes, and heterotypic A–O channels pair Cx43 with Cx47 and Cx30 with Cx32 ^{7Citationpaper:paper-29515899cf63Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}7. Several groups have argued that only specific connexin pairings form functi...

• ^{7Citationpaper:paper-29515899cf63Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}8 The molecular anatomy of that network is moderately well resolved. Cx43 and Cx30 dominate astrocyte–astrocyte (A–A) junctions, Cx47 and Cx32 sit on oligodendrocytes, and heterotypic A–O channels pair Cx43 with Cx47 and Cx30 with Cx32 ^{7Citationpaper:paper-29515899cf63Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}9. Several groups have argued that only specific connexin pairings form functi...

• ^{8Citationpaper:paper-dfd928fac4a2Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}0 The molecular anatomy of that network is moderately well resolved. Cx43 and Cx30 dominate astrocyte–astrocyte (A–A) junctions, Cx47 and Cx32 sit on oligodendrocytes, and heterotypic A–O channels pair Cx43 with Cx47 and Cx30 with Cx32 ^{8Citationpaper:paper-dfd928fac4a2Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}1. Several groups have argued that only specific connexin pairings form functi...

• ^{8Citationpaper:paper-dfd928fac4a2Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}2 The molecular anatomy of that network is moderately well resolved. Cx43 and Cx30 dominate astrocyte–astrocyte (A–A) junctions, Cx47 and Cx32 sit on oligodendrocytes, and heterotypic A–O channels pair Cx43 with Cx47 and Cx30 with Cx32 ^{8Citationpaper:paper-dfd928fac4a2Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}3. Several groups have argued that only specific connexin pairings form functi...

• ^{8Citationpaper:paper-dfd928fac4a2Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}4 The molecular anatomy of that network is moderately well resolved. Cx43 and Cx30 dominate astrocyte–astrocyte (A–A) junctions, Cx47 and Cx32 sit on oligodendrocytes, and heterotypic A–O channels pair Cx43 with Cx47 and Cx30 with Cx32 ^{8Citationpaper:paper-dfd928fac4a2Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}5. Several groups have argued that only specific connexin pairings form functi...

• ^{8Citationpaper:paper-dfd928fac4a2Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}6 The molecular anatomy of that network is moderately well resolved. Cx43 and Cx30 dominate astrocyte–astrocyte (A–A) junctions, Cx47 and Cx32 sit on oligodendrocytes, and heterotypic A–O channels pair Cx43 with Cx47 and Cx30 with Cx32 ^{8Citationpaper:paper-dfd928fac4a2Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}7. Several groups have argued that only specific connexin pairings form functi...

• ^{8Citationpaper:paper-dfd928fac4a2Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}8 The molecular anatomy of that network is moderately well resolved. Cx43 and Cx30 dominate astrocyte–astrocyte (A–A) junctions, Cx47 and Cx32 sit on oligodendrocytes, and heterotypic A–O channels pair Cx43 with Cx47 and Cx30 with Cx32 ^{8Citationpaper:paper-dfd928fac4a2Section {ref}sec:metabolic-coupling established that lactate, K⁺, and water are redistributed across astrocytes rather than handled by single cells. That redistribution has a spatial substrate, and the substrate is the gap-junctional syncytium. Individual astrocytes tile cortex and subcortical grey matter into non-overlapping territorial domains, but those domains are wired together by large gap-junctio...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 4Open reference}9. Several groups have argued that only specific connexin pairings form functi...

• ^{9Citationpaper:paper-ac62a8524286Astrocyte syncytium in cortex. Domain-tiled astrocytes are coupled by Cx43/Cx30 gap junctions into a panglial network. The schematic summarises four well-replicated functions of the coupled domain: propagating Ca²⁺ waves between astrocytes [goldberg2010ploscomput,iglesias2009jneurosci,patel2014febs]; spatial K⁺ buffering from the synapse to the endfoot/vessel interface [wallraff2006jneu...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 11Open reference}0 The molecular anatomy of that network is moderately well resolved. Cx43 and Cx30 dominate astrocyte–astrocyte (A–A) junctions, Cx47 and Cx32 sit on oligodendrocytes, and heterotypic A–O channels pair Cx43 with Cx47 and Cx30 with Cx32 ^{9Citationpaper:paper-ac62a8524286Astrocyte syncytium in cortex. Domain-tiled astrocytes are coupled by Cx43/Cx30 gap junctions into a panglial network. The schematic summarises four well-replicated functions of the coupled domain: propagating Ca²⁺ waves between astrocytes [goldberg2010ploscomput,iglesias2009jneurosci,patel2014febs]; spatial K⁺ buffering from the synapse to the endfoot/vessel interface [wallraff2006jneu...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 11Open reference}1. Several groups have argued that only specific connexin pairings form functi...

• ^{9Citationpaper:paper-ac62a8524286Astrocyte syncytium in cortex. Domain-tiled astrocytes are coupled by Cx43/Cx30 gap junctions into a panglial network. The schematic summarises four well-replicated functions of the coupled domain: propagating Ca²⁺ waves between astrocytes [goldberg2010ploscomput,iglesias2009jneurosci,patel2014febs]; spatial K⁺ buffering from the synapse to the endfoot/vessel interface [wallraff2006jneu...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 11Open reference}2 The molecular anatomy of that network is moderately well resolved. Cx43 and Cx30 dominate astrocyte–astrocyte (A–A) junctions, Cx47 and Cx32 sit on oligodendrocytes, and heterotypic A–O channels pair Cx43 with Cx47 and Cx30 with Cx32 ^{9Citationpaper:paper-ac62a8524286Astrocyte syncytium in cortex. Domain-tiled astrocytes are coupled by Cx43/Cx30 gap junctions into a panglial network. The schematic summarises four well-replicated functions of the coupled domain: propagating Ca²⁺ waves between astrocytes [goldberg2010ploscomput,iglesias2009jneurosci,patel2014febs]; spatial K⁺ buffering from the synapse to the endfoot/vessel interface [wallraff2006jneu...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 11Open reference}3. Several groups have argued that only specific connexin pairings form functi...

• ^{9Citationpaper:paper-ac62a8524286Astrocyte syncytium in cortex. Domain-tiled astrocytes are coupled by Cx43/Cx30 gap junctions into a panglial network. The schematic summarises four well-replicated functions of the coupled domain: propagating Ca²⁺ waves between astrocytes [goldberg2010ploscomput,iglesias2009jneurosci,patel2014febs]; spatial K⁺ buffering from the synapse to the endfoot/vessel interface [wallraff2006jneu...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 11Open reference}4 The molecular anatomy of that network is moderately well resolved. Cx43 and Cx30 dominate astrocyte–astrocyte (A–A) junctions, Cx47 and Cx32 sit on oligodendrocytes, and heterotypic A–O channels pair Cx43 with Cx47 and Cx30 with Cx32 ^{9Citationpaper:paper-ac62a8524286Astrocyte syncytium in cortex. Domain-tiled astrocytes are coupled by Cx43/Cx30 gap junctions into a panglial network. The schematic summarises four well-replicated functions of the coupled domain: propagating Ca²⁺ waves between astrocytes [goldberg2010ploscomput,iglesias2009jneurosci,patel2014febs]; spatial K⁺ buffering from the synapse to the endfoot/vessel interface [wallraff2006jneu...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 11Open reference}5. Several groups have argued that only specific connexin pairings form functi...

• ^{9Citationpaper:paper-ac62a8524286Astrocyte syncytium in cortex. Domain-tiled astrocytes are coupled by Cx43/Cx30 gap junctions into a panglial network. The schematic summarises four well-replicated functions of the coupled domain: propagating Ca²⁺ waves between astrocytes [goldberg2010ploscomput,iglesias2009jneurosci,patel2014febs]; spatial K⁺ buffering from the synapse to the endfoot/vessel interface [wallraff2006jneu...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 11Open reference}6 The molecular anatomy of that network is moderately well resolved. Cx43 and Cx30 dominate astrocyte–astrocyte (A–A) junctions, Cx47 and Cx32 sit on oligodendrocytes, and heterotypic A–O channels pair Cx43 with Cx47 and Cx30 with Cx32 ^{9Citationpaper:paper-ac62a8524286Astrocyte syncytium in cortex. Domain-tiled astrocytes are coupled by Cx43/Cx30 gap junctions into a panglial network. The schematic summarises four well-replicated functions of the coupled domain: propagating Ca²⁺ waves between astrocytes [goldberg2010ploscomput,iglesias2009jneurosci,patel2014febs]; spatial K⁺ buffering from the synapse to the endfoot/vessel interface [wallraff2006jneu...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 11Open reference}7. Several groups have argued that only specific connexin pairings form functi...

• ^{9Citationpaper:paper-ac62a8524286Astrocyte syncytium in cortex. Domain-tiled astrocytes are coupled by Cx43/Cx30 gap junctions into a panglial network. The schematic summarises four well-replicated functions of the coupled domain: propagating Ca²⁺ waves between astrocytes [goldberg2010ploscomput,iglesias2009jneurosci,patel2014febs]; spatial K⁺ buffering from the synapse to the endfoot/vessel interface [wallraff2006jneu...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 11Open reference}8 The molecular anatomy of that network is moderately well resolved. Cx43 and Cx30 dominate astrocyte–astrocyte (A–A) junctions, Cx47 and Cx32 sit on oligodendrocytes, and heterotypic A–O channels pair Cx43 with Cx47 and Cx30 with Cx32 ^{9Citationpaper:paper-ac62a8524286Astrocyte syncytium in cortex. Domain-tiled astrocytes are coupled by Cx43/Cx30 gap junctions into a panglial network. The schematic summarises four well-replicated functions of the coupled domain: propagating Ca²⁺ waves between astrocytes [goldberg2010ploscomput,iglesias2009jneurosci,patel2014febs]; spatial K⁺ buffering from the synapse to the endfoot/vessel interface [wallraff2006jneu...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 11Open reference}9. Several groups have argued that only specific connexin pairings form functi...

• ^{9Citationpaper:paper-ac62a8524286Astrocyte syncytium in cortex. Domain-tiled astrocytes are coupled by Cx43/Cx30 gap junctions into a panglial network. The schematic summarises four well-replicated functions of the coupled domain: propagating Ca²⁺ waves between astrocytes [goldberg2010ploscomput,iglesias2009jneurosci,patel2014febs]; spatial K⁺ buffering from the synapse to the endfoot/vessel interface [wallraff2006jneu...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 11Open reference, 10Citationpaper:paper-d1f6ee35e6fdAstrocyte syncytium in cortex. Domain-tiled astrocytes are coupled by Cx43/Cx30 gap junctions into a panglial network. The schematic summarises four well-replicated functions of the coupled domain: propagating Ca²⁺ waves between astrocytes [goldberg2010ploscomput,iglesias2009jneurosci,patel2014febs]; spatial K⁺ buffering from the synapse to the endfoot/vessel interface [wallraff2006jneu...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 11Open reference, 11Citationpaper:paper-cb600c65cc56Astrocyte syncytium in cortex. Domain-tiled astrocytes are coupled by Cx43/Cx30 gap junctions into a panglial network. The schematic summarises four well-replicated functions of the coupled domain: propagating Ca²⁺ waves between astrocytes [goldberg2010ploscomput,iglesias2009jneurosci,patel2014febs]; spatial K⁺ buffering from the synapse to the endfoot/vessel interface [wallraff2006jneu...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 11Open reference}0 Effect of connexin deletion on coupling, restricted to primary-data entries. (A) Single-connexin knockouts with numerical percent reduction relative to wild-type: Cx47^{-/-} (Maglione 2010, 80%) ^{9Citationpaper:paper-ac62a8524286Astrocyte syncytium in cortex. Domain-tiled astrocytes are coupled by Cx43/Cx30 gap junctions into a panglial network. The schematic summarises four well-replicated functions of the coupled domain: propagating Ca²⁺ waves between astrocytes [goldberg2010ploscomput,iglesias2009jneurosci,patel2014febs]; spatial K⁺ buffering from the synapse to the endfoot/vessel interface [wallraff2006jneu...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 11Open reference, 10Citationpaper:paper-d1f6ee35e6fdAstrocyte syncytium in cortex. Domain-tiled astrocytes are coupled by Cx43/Cx30 gap junctions into a panglial network. The schematic summarises four well-replicated functions of the coupled domain: propagating Ca²⁺ waves between astrocytes [goldberg2010ploscomput,iglesias2009jneurosci,patel2014febs]; spatial K⁺ buffering from the synapse to the endfoot/vessel interface [wallraff2006jneu...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 11Open reference, 11Citationpaper:paper-cb600c65cc56Astrocyte syncytium in cortex. Domain-tiled astrocytes are coupled by Cx43/Cx30 gap junctions into a panglial network. The schematic summarises four well-replicated functions of the coupled domain: propagating Ca²⁺ waves between astrocytes [goldberg2010ploscomput,iglesias2009jneurosci,patel2014febs]; spatial K⁺ buffering from the synapse to the endfoot/vessel interface [wallraff2006jneu...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 11Open reference}1 and the Cx47 M282T point mutation (Tress 2011, 88%) ^{9Citationpaper:paper-ac62a8524286Astrocyte syncytium in cortex. Domain-tiled astrocytes are coupled by Cx43/Cx30 gap junctions into a panglial network. The schematic summarises four well-replicated functions of the coupled domain: propagating Ca²⁺ waves between astrocytes [goldberg2010ploscomput,iglesias2009jneurosci,patel2014febs]; spatial K⁺ buffering from the synapse to the endfoot/vessel interface [wallraff2006jneu...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 11Open reference, 10Citationpaper:paper-d1f6ee35e6fdAstrocyte syncytium in cortex. Domain-tiled astrocytes are coupled by Cx43/Cx30 gap junctions into a panglial network. The schematic summarises four well-replicated functions of the coupled domain: propagating Ca²⁺ waves between astrocytes [goldberg2010ploscomput,iglesias2009jneurosci,patel2014febs]; spatial K⁺ buffering from the synapse to the endfoot/vessel interface [wallraff2006jneu...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 11Open reference, 11Citationpaper:paper-cb600c65cc56Astrocyte syncytium in cortex. Domain-tiled astrocytes are coupled by Cx43/Cx30 gap junctions into a panglial network. The schematic summarises four well-replicated functions of the coupled domain: propagating Ca²⁺ waves between astrocytes [goldberg2010ploscomput,iglesias2009jneurosci,patel2014febs]; spatial K⁺ buffering from the synapse to the endfoot/vessel interface [wallraff2006jneu...content/07_gap_junctions_networks.md:line 11Open reference}2 reduce oligodendrocyte-centred coupling; astrocyte-specific Cx43 deletion reduces A–A coupling by approximately 50% [wallra...

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