In Vivo Dynamics and Behavioural Correlates

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^{1Citationpaper:paper-89a90cbbebc9The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference} The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c403fbadc9bThe preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference} The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-acf576c0a2edThe preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference} The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...
^{4Citationpaper:paper-pm-21765421The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference} The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...
^{5Citationpaper:paper-bd3acb8f3c56The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference} The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...
^{6Citationpaper:paper-f5e82131eb03The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference} The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...
^{7Citationpaper:paper-b35c7669727aThe preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference} The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-89a90cbbebc9The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference} The modern era of PV interneuron physiology in vivo rests on two complementary identification strategies, each with distinct strengths and limitations. Optogenetic tagging — expressing channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in PV-Cre driver lines and identifying neurons by short-latency, reliable responses to brief light pulses — enabled the first unambiguous recordings of genetically defined PV cells in behaving animals [Lee201...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c403fbadc9bThe preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference} The modern era of PV interneuron physiology in vivo rests on two complementary identification strategies, each with distinct strengths and limitations. Optogenetic tagging — expressing channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in PV-Cre driver lines and identifying neurons by short-latency, reliable responses to brief light pulses — enabled the first unambiguous recordings of genetically defined PV cells in behaving animals [Lee201...
^{8Citationpaper:paper-7788d49563cbThe modern era of PV interneuron physiology in vivo rests on two complementary identification strategies, each with distinct strengths and limitations. Optogenetic tagging — expressing channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in PV-Cre driver lines and identifying neurons by short-latency, reliable responses to brief light pulses — enabled the first unambiguous recordings of genetically defined PV cells in behaving animals [Lee201...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 8Open reference} The modern era of PV interneuron physiology in vivo rests on two complementary identification strategies, each with distinct strengths and limitations. Optogenetic tagging — expressing channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in PV-Cre driver lines and identifying neurons by short-latency, reliable responses to brief light pulses — enabled the first unambiguous recordings of genetically defined PV cells in behaving animals [Lee201...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c403fbadc9bThe preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}0 The modern era of PV interneuron physiology in vivo rests on two complementary identification strategies, each with distinct strengths and limitations. Optogenetic tagging — expressing channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in PV-Cre driver lines and identifying neurons by short-latency, reliable responses to brief light pulses — enabled the first unambiguous recordings of genetically defined PV cells in behaving animals [Lee201...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c403fbadc9bThe preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}1 The modern era of PV interneuron physiology in vivo rests on two complementary identification strategies, each with distinct strengths and limitations. Optogenetic tagging — expressing channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in PV-Cre driver lines and identifying neurons by short-latency, reliable responses to brief light pulses — enabled the first unambiguous recordings of genetically defined PV cells in behaving animals [Lee201...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c403fbadc9bThe preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}2 The modern era of PV interneuron physiology in vivo rests on two complementary identification strategies, each with distinct strengths and limitations. Optogenetic tagging — expressing channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in PV-Cre driver lines and identifying neurons by short-latency, reliable responses to brief light pulses — enabled the first unambiguous recordings of genetically defined PV cells in behaving animals [Lee201...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c403fbadc9bThe preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}3 The modern era of PV interneuron physiology in vivo rests on two complementary identification strategies, each with distinct strengths and limitations. Optogenetic tagging — expressing channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in PV-Cre driver lines and identifying neurons by short-latency, reliable responses to brief light pulses — enabled the first unambiguous recordings of genetically defined PV cells in behaving animals [Lee201...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c403fbadc9bThe preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}4 The modern era of PV interneuron physiology in vivo rests on two complementary identification strategies, each with distinct strengths and limitations. Optogenetic tagging — expressing channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in PV-Cre driver lines and identifying neurons by short-latency, reliable responses to brief light pulses — enabled the first unambiguous recordings of genetically defined PV cells in behaving animals [Lee201...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c403fbadc9bThe preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}5 The modern era of PV interneuron physiology in vivo rests on two complementary identification strategies, each with distinct strengths and limitations. Optogenetic tagging — expressing channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in PV-Cre driver lines and identifying neurons by short-latency, reliable responses to brief light pulses — enabled the first unambiguous recordings of genetically defined PV cells in behaving animals [Lee201...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c403fbadc9bThe preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}6 The modern era of PV interneuron physiology in vivo rests on two complementary identification strategies, each with distinct strengths and limitations. Optogenetic tagging — expressing channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in PV-Cre driver lines and identifying neurons by short-latency, reliable responses to brief light pulses — enabled the first unambiguous recordings of genetically defined PV cells in behaving animals [Lee201...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c403fbadc9bThe preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}7 The modern era of PV interneuron physiology in vivo rests on two complementary identification strategies, each with distinct strengths and limitations. Optogenetic tagging — expressing channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in PV-Cre driver lines and identifying neurons by short-latency, reliable responses to brief light pulses — enabled the first unambiguous recordings of genetically defined PV cells in behaving animals [Lee201...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c403fbadc9bThe preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}8 The modern era of PV interneuron physiology in vivo rests on two complementary identification strategies, each with distinct strengths and limitations. Optogenetic tagging — expressing channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in PV-Cre driver lines and identifying neurons by short-latency, reliable responses to brief light pulses — enabled the first unambiguous recordings of genetically defined PV cells in behaving animals [Lee201...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c403fbadc9bThe preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}9 The modern era of PV interneuron physiology in vivo rests on two complementary identification strategies, each with distinct strengths and limitations. Optogenetic tagging — expressing channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in PV-Cre driver lines and identifying neurons by short-latency, reliable responses to brief light pulses — enabled the first unambiguous recordings of genetically defined PV cells in behaving animals [Lee201...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-acf576c0a2edThe preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}0 A practical consequence of these methodological differences is that studies using optogenetic activation to probe PV function (measuring how PV drive changes network output) and studies using optogenetic tagging to observe PV activity (measuring what PV cells do during behaviour) address fundamentally different questions ^{3Citationpaper:paper-acf576c0a2edThe preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}1. The form...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-acf576c0a2edThe preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}2 A practical consequence of these methodological differences is that studies using optogenetic activation to probe PV function (measuring how PV drive changes network output) and studies using optogenetic tagging to observe PV activity (measuring what PV cells do during behaviour) address fundamentally different questions ^{3Citationpaper:paper-acf576c0a2edThe preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}3. The form...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-acf576c0a2edThe preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}4 A practical consequence of these methodological differences is that studies using optogenetic activation to probe PV function (measuring how PV drive changes network output) and studies using optogenetic tagging to observe PV activity (measuring what PV cells do during behaviour) address fundamentally different questions ^{3Citationpaper:paper-acf576c0a2edThe preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}5. The form...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-acf576c0a2edThe preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}6 A practical consequence of these methodological differences is that studies using optogenetic activation to probe PV function (measuring how PV drive changes network output) and studies using optogenetic tagging to observe PV activity (measuring what PV cells do during behaviour) address fundamentally different questions ^{3Citationpaper:paper-acf576c0a2edThe preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}7. The form...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-acf576c0a2edThe preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}8 Among the most influential — and contested — findings in PV interneuron physiology is whether PV activation sharpens orientation tuning in visual cortex. ^{3Citationpaper:paper-acf576c0a2edThe preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}9 reported that optogenetic activation of PV interneurons in mouse V1 markedly sharpened orientation tuning of nearby pyramidal neurons and improved perceptual orientation discrimination in awake mice, with SOM and VIP activation producing no comp...
^{4Citationpaper:paper-pm-21765421The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}0 Among the most influential — and contested — findings in PV interneuron physiology is whether PV activation sharpens orientation tuning in visual cortex. ^{4Citationpaper:paper-pm-21765421The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}1 reported that optogenetic activation of PV interneurons in mouse V1 markedly sharpened orientation tuning of nearby pyramidal neurons and improved perceptual orientation discrimination in awake mice, with SOM and VIP activation producing no comp...
^{4Citationpaper:paper-pm-21765421The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}2 Among the most influential — and contested — findings in PV interneuron physiology is whether PV activation sharpens orientation tuning in visual cortex. ^{4Citationpaper:paper-pm-21765421The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}3 reported that optogenetic activation of PV interneurons in mouse V1 markedly sharpened orientation tuning of nearby pyramidal neurons and improved perceptual orientation discrimination in awake mice, with SOM and VIP activation producing no comp...
^{4Citationpaper:paper-pm-21765421The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}4 Lee et al. (2012) report sharpened tuning with PV activation (Nature, independently replicated). Atallah et al. (2012) find predominantly gain modulation with only modest tuning changes (Neuron, independently replicated). The discrepancy may reflect differences in ChR2 expression levels, activation intensities, or analysis methods (peak-normalised vs. absolute tuning curves). Laminar-specific recordings in m...
^{4Citationpaper:paper-pm-21765421The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}5 The resolution of this debate has proven more nuanced than either initial report suggested. Subsequent work demonstrated that PV-mediated inhibition operates through both additive and multiplicative mechanisms whose relative contributions depend on activation context ^{4Citationpaper:paper-pm-21765421The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}6. When all interneuron subtypes were simultaneously activated in V1 via VGAT-ChR2, the aggregate inhibitory...
^{4Citationpaper:paper-pm-21765421The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}7 The resolution of this debate has proven more nuanced than either initial report suggested. Subsequent work demonstrated that PV-mediated inhibition operates through both additive and multiplicative mechanisms whose relative contributions depend on activation context ^{4Citationpaper:paper-pm-21765421The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}8. When all interneuron subtypes were simultaneously activated in V1 via VGAT-ChR2, the aggregate inhibitory...
^{4Citationpaper:paper-pm-21765421The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}9 The resolution of this debate has proven more nuanced than either initial report suggested. Subsequent work demonstrated that PV-mediated inhibition operates through both additive and multiplicative mechanisms whose relative contributions depend on activation context ^{5Citationpaper:paper-bd3acb8f3c56The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}0. When all interneuron subtypes were simultaneously activated in V1 via VGAT-ChR2, the aggregate inhibitory...
^{5Citationpaper:paper-bd3acb8f3c56The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}1 The resolution of this debate has proven more nuanced than either initial report suggested. Subsequent work demonstrated that PV-mediated inhibition operates through both additive and multiplicative mechanisms whose relative contributions depend on activation context ^{5Citationpaper:paper-bd3acb8f3c56The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}2. When all interneuron subtypes were simultaneously activated in V1 via VGAT-ChR2, the aggregate inhibitory...
^{5Citationpaper:paper-bd3acb8f3c56The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}3 The resolution of this debate has proven more nuanced than either initial report suggested. Subsequent work demonstrated that PV-mediated inhibition operates through both additive and multiplicative mechanisms whose relative contributions depend on activation context ^{5Citationpaper:paper-bd3acb8f3c56The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}4. When all interneuron subtypes were simultaneously activated in V1 via VGAT-ChR2, the aggregate inhibitory...
^{5Citationpaper:paper-bd3acb8f3c56The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}5 The resolution of this debate has proven more nuanced than either initial report suggested. Subsequent work demonstrated that PV-mediated inhibition operates through both additive and multiplicative mechanisms whose relative contributions depend on activation context ^{5Citationpaper:paper-bd3acb8f3c56The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}6. When all interneuron subtypes were simultaneously activated in V1 via VGAT-ChR2, the aggregate inhibitory...
^{5Citationpaper:paper-bd3acb8f3c56The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}7 The resolution of this debate has proven more nuanced than either initial report suggested. Subsequent work demonstrated that PV-mediated inhibition operates through both additive and multiplicative mechanisms whose relative contributions depend on activation context ^{5Citationpaper:paper-bd3acb8f3c56The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}8. When all interneuron subtypes were simultaneously activated in V1 via VGAT-ChR2, the aggregate inhibitory...
^{5Citationpaper:paper-bd3acb8f3c56The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}9 Recent laminar-resolution recordings in primate visual cortex have provided a potential reconciliation of the tuning debate. ^{6Citationpaper:paper-f5e82131eb03The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}0 used combined laminar recordings with bidirectional optogenetics in marmoset V1 and reported that PV function is layer-dependent: in the granular layer, PV cells exert divisive and multiplicative gain control by modulating spiking threshold and input noise, whereas in ex...
^{6Citationpaper:paper-f5e82131eb03The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}1 Recent laminar-resolution recordings in primate visual cortex have provided a potential reconciliation of the tuning debate. ^{6Citationpaper:paper-f5e82131eb03The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}2 used combined laminar recordings with bidirectional optogenetics in marmoset V1 and reported that PV function is layer-dependent: in the granular layer, PV cells exert divisive and multiplicative gain control by modulating spiking threshold and input noise, whereas in ex...
^{6Citationpaper:paper-f5e82131eb03The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}3 Recent laminar-resolution recordings in primate visual cortex have provided a potential reconciliation of the tuning debate. ^{6Citationpaper:paper-f5e82131eb03The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}4 used combined laminar recordings with bidirectional optogenetics in marmoset V1 and reported that PV function is layer-dependent: in the granular layer, PV cells exert divisive and multiplicative gain control by modulating spiking threshold and input noise, whereas in ex...
^{6Citationpaper:paper-f5e82131eb03The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}5 Recent laminar-resolution recordings in primate visual cortex have provided a potential reconciliation of the tuning debate. ^{6Citationpaper:paper-f5e82131eb03The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}6 used combined laminar recordings with bidirectional optogenetics in marmoset V1 and reported that PV function is layer-dependent: in the granular layer, PV cells exert divisive and multiplicative gain control by modulating spiking threshold and input noise, whereas in ex...
^{6Citationpaper:paper-f5e82131eb03The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}7 Recent laminar-resolution recordings in primate visual cortex have provided a potential reconciliation of the tuning debate. ^{6Citationpaper:paper-f5e82131eb03The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}8 used combined laminar recordings with bidirectional optogenetics in marmoset V1 and reported that PV function is layer-dependent: in the granular layer, PV cells exert divisive and multiplicative gain control by modulating spiking threshold and input noise, whereas in ex...
^{6Citationpaper:paper-f5e82131eb03The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}9 Lee et al. (2012) and Hofer et al. (2011) established in mouse V1 that PV interneurons are broadly tuned for orientation, receiving dense, diverse synaptic input from pyramidal neurons spanning the full range of orientation preferences ^{7Citationpaper:paper-b35c7669727aThe preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}0. Moore et al. (2013) demonstrated in mouse A1 that PV neurons are well-tuned for sound frequency, with markedly faster response late...
^{7Citationpaper:paper-b35c7669727aThe preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}1 Lee et al. (2012) and Hofer et al. (2011) established in mouse V1 that PV interneurons are broadly tuned for orientation, receiving dense, diverse synaptic input from pyramidal neurons spanning the full range of orientation preferences ^{7Citationpaper:paper-b35c7669727aThe preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}2. Moore et al. (2013) demonstrated in mouse A1 that PV neurons are well-tuned for sound frequency, with markedly faster response late...
^{7Citationpaper:paper-b35c7669727aThe preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}3 Lee et al. (2012) and Hofer et al. (2011) established in mouse V1 that PV interneurons are broadly tuned for orientation, receiving dense, diverse synaptic input from pyramidal neurons spanning the full range of orientation preferences ^{7Citationpaper:paper-b35c7669727aThe preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}4. Moore et al. (2013) demonstrated in mouse A1 that PV neurons are well-tuned for sound frequency, with markedly faster response late...
^{7Citationpaper:paper-b35c7669727aThe preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}5 In mouse auditory cortex, optogenetic tagging revealed that PV neurons are well-tuned for sound frequency, with shallower response gain and markedly faster response latencies than PV-negative neurons — a profile fundamentally different from the broad, weakly selective responses documented for V1 PV cells ^{7Citationpaper:paper-b35c7669727aThe preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}6. This cross-modal divergence represents not mere...
^{7Citationpaper:paper-b35c7669727aThe preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}7 In mouse auditory cortex, optogenetic tagging revealed that PV neurons are well-tuned for sound frequency, with shallower response gain and markedly faster response latencies than PV-negative neurons — a profile fundamentally different from the broad, weakly selective responses documented for V1 PV cells ^{7Citationpaper:paper-b35c7669727aThe preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}8. This cross-modal divergence represents not mere...
^{7Citationpaper:paper-b35c7669727aThe preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}9 In mouse auditory cortex, optogenetic tagging revealed that PV neurons are well-tuned for sound frequency, with shallower response gain and markedly faster response latencies than PV-negative neurons — a profile fundamentally different from the broad, weakly selective responses documented for V1 PV cells ^{1Citationpaper:paper-89a90cbbebc9The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}0. This cross-modal divergence represents not mere...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-89a90cbbebc9The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}1 In mouse auditory cortex, optogenetic tagging revealed that PV neurons are well-tuned for sound frequency, with shallower response gain and markedly faster response latencies than PV-negative neurons — a profile fundamentally different from the broad, weakly selective responses documented for V1 PV cells ^{1Citationpaper:paper-89a90cbbebc9The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}2. This cross-modal divergence represents not mere...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-89a90cbbebc9The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}3 In mouse auditory cortex, optogenetic tagging revealed that PV neurons are well-tuned for sound frequency, with shallower response gain and markedly faster response latencies than PV-negative neurons — a profile fundamentally different from the broad, weakly selective responses documented for V1 PV cells ^{1Citationpaper:paper-89a90cbbebc9The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}4. This cross-modal divergence represents not mere...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-89a90cbbebc9The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}5 In mouse auditory cortex, optogenetic tagging revealed that PV neurons are well-tuned for sound frequency, with shallower response gain and markedly faster response latencies than PV-negative neurons — a profile fundamentally different from the broad, weakly selective responses documented for V1 PV cells ^{1Citationpaper:paper-89a90cbbebc9The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}6. This cross-modal divergence represents not mere...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-89a90cbbebc9The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}7 Schematic illustration of PV interneuron tuning selectivity across sensory cortical areas. (A) In visual cortex, PV cells (red) exhibit broad orientation tuning relative to pyramidal neurons (blue dashed), consistent with divisive normalisation ^{1Citationpaper:paper-89a90cbbebc9The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}sec-circuit-motifs. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...content/08_in_vivo_dynamics.md:line 4Open reference}8. (B) In auditory cortex, PV cells show sharp frequency tuning comparable to pyramidal neurons [Moor...
... 81 additional anchors in refs_json

References

[Lee2012activation] paper:paper-89a90cbbebc9 “The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}`sec-circuit-motifs`. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...”
[Atallah2012parvalbumin] paper:paper-6c403fbadc9b “The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}`sec-circuit-motifs`. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...”
[Pakan2016behavioral] paper:paper-acf576c0a2ed “The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}`sec-circuit-motifs`. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...”
[Hofer2011differential] paper:paper-pm-21765421 “The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}`sec-circuit-motifs`. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...”
[Agetsuma2018parvalbumin] paper:paper-bd3acb8f3c56 “The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}`sec-circuit-motifs`. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...”
[Klausberger2008neuronal] paper:paper-f5e82131eb03 “The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}`sec-circuit-motifs`. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...”
[Tukker2007cell] paper:paper-b35c7669727a “The preceding sections established the synaptic machinery and circuit motifs through which PV interneurons exert perisomatic inhibition {ref}`sec-circuit-motifs`. Yet the functional consequences of these motifs can only be assessed in the intact brain, where PV cells operate under the simultaneous influence of sensory drive, behavioural state, and neuromodulatory context. In vivo recordings of identified PV interneu...”
[Moore2013parvalbumin] paper:paper-7788d49563cb “The modern era of PV interneuron physiology in vivo rests on two complementary identification strategies, each with distinct strengths and limitations. Optogenetic tagging — expressing channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in PV-Cre driver lines and identifying neurons by short-latency, reliable responses to brief light pulses — enabled the first unambiguous recordings of genetically defined PV cells in behaving animals [Lee201...”
[Yang2017optogenetic] paper:paper-f450ef113660 “The modern era of PV interneuron physiology in vivo rests on two complementary identification strategies, each with distinct strengths and limitations. Optogenetic tagging — expressing channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in PV-Cre driver lines and identifying neurons by short-latency, reliable responses to brief light pulses — enabled the first unambiguous recordings of genetically defined PV cells in behaving animals [Lee201...”
[Tukker2013distinct] paper:paper-a3372fecd516 “The modern era of PV interneuron physiology in vivo rests on two complementary identification strategies, each with distinct strengths and limitations. Optogenetic tagging — expressing channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in PV-Cre driver lines and identifying neurons by short-latency, reliable responses to brief light pulses — enabled the first unambiguous recordings of genetically defined PV cells in behaving animals [Lee201...”
[Varga2012frequency] paper:paper-200e9cbf484c “The modern era of PV interneuron physiology in vivo rests on two complementary identification strategies, each with distinct strengths and limitations. Optogenetic tagging — expressing channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in PV-Cre driver lines and identifying neurons by short-latency, reliable responses to brief light pulses — enabled the first unambiguous recordings of genetically defined PV cells in behaving animals [Lee201...”
[Varga2014functional] paper:paper-e862f7b213f2 “The modern era of PV interneuron physiology in vivo rests on two complementary identification strategies, each with distinct strengths and limitations. Optogenetic tagging — expressing channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in PV-Cre driver lines and identifying neurons by short-latency, reliable responses to brief light pulses — enabled the first unambiguous recordings of genetically defined PV cells in behaving animals [Lee201...”
[Angelucci2026laminar] paper:paper-97e6822b54d9 “**Lee et al. (2012)** report sharpened tuning with PV activation (Nature, independently replicated). **Atallah et al. (2012)** find predominantly gain modulation with only modest tuning changes (Neuron, independently replicated). The discrepancy may reflect differences in ChR2 expression levels, activation intensities, or analysis methods (peak-normalised vs. absolute tuning curves). Laminar-specific recordings in m...”
[Ingram2019divisive] paper:paper-cf0d183b1c6d “The resolution of this debate has proven more nuanced than either initial report suggested. Subsequent work demonstrated that PV-mediated inhibition operates through both additive and multiplicative mechanisms whose relative contributions depend on activation context [Atallah2012parvalbumin, Ingram2019divisive]. When all interneuron subtypes were simultaneously activated in V1 via VGAT-ChR2, the aggregate inhibitory...”
[Cottam2013target] paper:paper-1cd7cf967531 “The resolution of this debate has proven more nuanced than either initial report suggested. Subsequent work demonstrated that PV-mediated inhibition operates through both additive and multiplicative mechanisms whose relative contributions depend on activation context [Atallah2012parvalbumin, Ingram2019divisive]. When all interneuron subtypes were simultaneously activated in V1 via VGAT-ChR2, the aggregate inhibitory...”
[Lee2013disinhibitory] paper:paper-f02f24cb44ff “The resolution of this debate has proven more nuanced than either initial report suggested. Subsequent work demonstrated that PV-mediated inhibition operates through both additive and multiplicative mechanisms whose relative contributions depend on activation context [Atallah2012parvalbumin, Ingram2019divisive]. When all interneuron subtypes were simultaneously activated in V1 via VGAT-ChR2, the aggregate inhibitory...”

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