Somatostatin Interneurons: From Surround Suppression to Dendritic Computation

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^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference} The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. ^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference} used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. ^{2Citationpaper:paper-bf344c0a6a03The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference} performed quantit...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-bf344c0a6a03The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference} The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. ^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference} used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. ^{2Citationpaper:paper-bf344c0a6a03The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference} performed quantit...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-4dfe44516146The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference} The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. ^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference} used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. ^{2Citationpaper:paper-bf344c0a6a03The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference} performed quantit...
^{4Citationpaper:paper-1f5b100f7d74The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference} The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. ^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}0 used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. ^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}1 performed quantit...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}2 The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. ^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}3 used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. ^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}4 performed quantit...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}5 The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. ^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}6 used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. ^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}7 performed quantit...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}8 ^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}9 highlighted the challenges that remain, including subtypes within the SST class whose functional properties are largely unexplored. ^{2Citationpaper:paper-bf344c0a6a03The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}0 used molecular identification with FISH and classifiers based on transcriptomic data to match recorded neurons to specific SST subtypes, but found that electrophysiological properties overlap substantially across transcriptomic types, complicating functional a...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-bf344c0a6a03The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}1 ^{2Citationpaper:paper-bf344c0a6a03The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}2 highlighted the challenges that remain, including subtypes within the SST class whose functional properties are largely unexplored. ^{2Citationpaper:paper-bf344c0a6a03The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}3 used molecular identification with FISH and classifiers based on transcriptomic data to match recorded neurons to specific SST subtypes, but found that electrophysiological properties overlap substantially across transcriptomic types, complicating functional a...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-bf344c0a6a03The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}4 ^{2Citationpaper:paper-bf344c0a6a03The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}5 highlighted the challenges that remain, including subtypes within the SST class whose functional properties are largely unexplored. ^{2Citationpaper:paper-bf344c0a6a03The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}6 used molecular identification with FISH and classifiers based on transcriptomic data to match recorded neurons to specific SST subtypes, but found that electrophysiological properties overlap substantially across transcriptomic types, complicating functional a...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-bf344c0a6a03The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}7 ^{2Citationpaper:paper-bf344c0a6a03The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}8 highlighted the challenges that remain, including subtypes within the SST class whose functional properties are largely unexplored. ^{2Citationpaper:paper-bf344c0a6a03The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}9 used molecular identification with FISH and classifiers based on transcriptomic data to match recorded neurons to specific SST subtypes, but found that electrophysiological properties overlap substantially across transcriptomic types, complicating functional a...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-bf344c0a6a03The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}0 The non-Martinotti SST population is particularly poorly understood {numref}fig-sec5-sst-circuits. Unlike classical Martinotti cells, which target distal apical dendrites in layer 1, non-Martinotti SST cells target perisomatic and proximal dendritic compartments — functionally resembling PV basket cells more than other SST subtypes ^{2Citationpaper:paper-bf344c0a6a03The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}1. ^{2Citationpaper:paper-bf344c0a6a03The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}2 reviewed the diversity of SST cell types in...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-bf344c0a6a03The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}3 The non-Martinotti SST population is particularly poorly understood {numref}fig-sec5-sst-circuits. Unlike classical Martinotti cells, which target distal apical dendrites in layer 1, non-Martinotti SST cells target perisomatic and proximal dendritic compartments — functionally resembling PV basket cells more than other SST subtypes ^{2Citationpaper:paper-bf344c0a6a03The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}4. ^{2Citationpaper:paper-bf344c0a6a03The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}5 reviewed the diversity of SST cell types in...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-bf344c0a6a03The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}6 The non-Martinotti SST population is particularly poorly understood {numref}fig-sec5-sst-circuits. Unlike classical Martinotti cells, which target distal apical dendrites in layer 1, non-Martinotti SST cells target perisomatic and proximal dendritic compartments — functionally resembling PV basket cells more than other SST subtypes ^{2Citationpaper:paper-bf344c0a6a03The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}7. ^{2Citationpaper:paper-bf344c0a6a03The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}8 reviewed the diversity of SST cell types in...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-bf344c0a6a03The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}9 The non-Martinotti SST population is particularly poorly understood {numref}fig-sec5-sst-circuits. Unlike classical Martinotti cells, which target distal apical dendrites in layer 1, non-Martinotti SST cells target perisomatic and proximal dendritic compartments — functionally resembling PV basket cells more than other SST subtypes ^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}0. ^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}1 reviewed the diversity of SST cell types in...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}2 The non-Martinotti SST population is particularly poorly understood {numref}fig-sec5-sst-circuits. Unlike classical Martinotti cells, which target distal apical dendrites in layer 1, non-Martinotti SST cells target perisomatic and proximal dendritic compartments — functionally resembling PV basket cells more than other SST subtypes ^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}3. ^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}4 reviewed the diversity of SST cell types in...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}5 The most prominent functional claim for SST interneurons — that they mediate surround suppression in primary visual cortex — is among the most contested findings in the interneuron literature. Surround suppression, the phenomenon whereby neural responses to stimuli within the receptive field are reduced by stimuli in the surround, is a fundamental property of V1 neurons ^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}6.
^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}7 The most prominent functional claim for SST interneurons — that they mediate surround suppression in primary visual cortex — is among the most contested findings in the interneuron literature. Surround suppression, the phenomenon whereby neural responses to stimuli within the receptive field are reduced by stimuli in the surround, is a fundamental property of V1 neurons ^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}8.
^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}9 The most prominent functional claim for SST interneurons — that they mediate surround suppression in primary visual cortex — is among the most contested findings in the interneuron literature. Surround suppression, the phenomenon whereby neural responses to stimuli within the receptive field are reduced by stimuli in the surround, is a fundamental property of V1 neurons ^{2Citationpaper:paper-bf344c0a6a03The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}0.
^{2Citationpaper:paper-bf344c0a6a03The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}1 The initial evidence linking SST cells to surround suppression was compelling. Optogenetic silencing of SST interneurons in mouse V1 reduced surround suppression, while activating SST cells enhanced it ^{2Citationpaper:paper-bf344c0a6a03The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}2. ^{2Citationpaper:paper-bf344c0a6a03The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}3 showed that neuronal responses in V1 are reduced when a stimulus is surrounded by a similar stimulus, and that this suppression depends on SST cell activity. ^{2Citationpaper:paper-bf344c0a6a03The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}4 fou...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-bf344c0a6a03The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}5 The initial evidence linking SST cells to surround suppression was compelling. Optogenetic silencing of SST interneurons in mouse V1 reduced surround suppression, while activating SST cells enhanced it ^{2Citationpaper:paper-bf344c0a6a03The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}6. ^{2Citationpaper:paper-bf344c0a6a03The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}7 showed that neuronal responses in V1 are reduced when a stimulus is surrounded by a similar stimulus, and that this suppression depends on SST cell activity. ^{2Citationpaper:paper-bf344c0a6a03The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}8 fou...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-bf344c0a6a03The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}9 The initial evidence linking SST cells to surround suppression was compelling. Optogenetic silencing of SST interneurons in mouse V1 reduced surround suppression, while activating SST cells enhanced it ^{3Citationpaper:paper-4dfe44516146The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}0. ^{3Citationpaper:paper-4dfe44516146The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}1 showed that neuronal responses in V1 are reduced when a stimulus is surrounded by a similar stimulus, and that this suppression depends on SST cell activity. ^{3Citationpaper:paper-4dfe44516146The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}2 fou...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-4dfe44516146The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}3 The initial evidence linking SST cells to surround suppression was compelling. Optogenetic silencing of SST interneurons in mouse V1 reduced surround suppression, while activating SST cells enhanced it ^{3Citationpaper:paper-4dfe44516146The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}4. ^{3Citationpaper:paper-4dfe44516146The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}5 showed that neuronal responses in V1 are reduced when a stimulus is surrounded by a similar stimulus, and that this suppression depends on SST cell activity. ^{3Citationpaper:paper-4dfe44516146The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}6 fou...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-4dfe44516146The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}7 The initial evidence linking SST cells to surround suppression was compelling. Optogenetic silencing of SST interneurons in mouse V1 reduced surround suppression, while activating SST cells enhanced it ^{3Citationpaper:paper-4dfe44516146The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}8. ^{3Citationpaper:paper-4dfe44516146The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}9 showed that neuronal responses in V1 are reduced when a stimulus is surrounded by a similar stimulus, and that this suppression depends on SST cell activity. ^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}0 fou...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}1 The strongest evidence against SST exclusivity comes from studies demonstrating thalamic contributions. ^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}2 reviewed extraclassical surround suppression across visual processing stages and showed that substantial surround suppression exists at thalamic levels before cortical SST cells could contribute. ^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}3 provided direct evidence that surround suppression is not primarily attributable to intracorti...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}4 The strongest evidence against SST exclusivity comes from studies demonstrating thalamic contributions. ^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}5 reviewed extraclassical surround suppression across visual processing stages and showed that substantial surround suppression exists at thalamic levels before cortical SST cells could contribute. ^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}6 provided direct evidence that surround suppression is not primarily attributable to intracorti...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}7 The strongest evidence against SST exclusivity comes from studies demonstrating thalamic contributions. ^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}8 reviewed extraclassical surround suppression across visual processing stages and showed that substantial surround suppression exists at thalamic levels before cortical SST cells could contribute. ^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}9 provided direct evidence that surround suppression is not primarily attributable to intracorti...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-bf344c0a6a03The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}0 Computational modeling has attempted to reconcile these conflicting findings. ^{2Citationpaper:paper-bf344c0a6a03The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}1 showed that the stabilized supralinear network (SSN) model can produce surround suppression without requiring a dedicated SST-mediated mechanism. ^{2Citationpaper:paper-bf344c0a6a03The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}2 demonstrated that the SSN model can also account for surround suppression through purely excitatory-inhibitory network dynamics (n = 2 model variants). [Krishnamurth...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-bf344c0a6a03The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}3 Computational modeling has attempted to reconcile these conflicting findings. ^{2Citationpaper:paper-bf344c0a6a03The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}4 showed that the stabilized supralinear network (SSN) model can produce surround suppression without requiring a dedicated SST-mediated mechanism. ^{2Citationpaper:paper-bf344c0a6a03The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}5 demonstrated that the SSN model can also account for surround suppression through purely excitatory-inhibitory network dynamics (n = 2 model variants). [Krishnamurth...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-bf344c0a6a03The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}6 Computational modeling has attempted to reconcile these conflicting findings. ^{2Citationpaper:paper-bf344c0a6a03The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}7 showed that the stabilized supralinear network (SSN) model can produce surround suppression without requiring a dedicated SST-mediated mechanism. ^{2Citationpaper:paper-bf344c0a6a03The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}8 demonstrated that the SSN model can also account for surround suppression through purely excitatory-inhibitory network dynamics (n = 2 model variants). [Krishnamurth...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-bf344c0a6a03The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}9 Computational modeling has attempted to reconcile these conflicting findings. ^{4Citationpaper:paper-1f5b100f7d74The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}0 showed that the stabilized supralinear network (SSN) model can produce surround suppression without requiring a dedicated SST-mediated mechanism. ^{4Citationpaper:paper-1f5b100f7d74The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}1 demonstrated that the SSN model can also account for surround suppression through purely excitatory-inhibitory network dynamics (n = 2 model variants). [Krishnamurth...
^{4Citationpaper:paper-1f5b100f7d74The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}2 The current evidence suggests that SST cells contribute to surround suppression but are neither necessary nor sufficient for it {numref}fig-sec5-sst-evidence. The computation appears to involve multiple mechanisms operating at different spatial and temporal scales: thalamic withdrawal of excitation, horizontal cortical connections, and SST-mediated lateral inhibition each contribute [Self2014b, Alitto2015, Rubin20...
^{4Citationpaper:paper-1f5b100f7d74The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}3 The current evidence suggests that SST cells contribute to surround suppression but are neither necessary nor sufficient for it {numref}fig-sec5-sst-evidence. The computation appears to involve multiple mechanisms operating at different spatial and temporal scales: thalamic withdrawal of excitation, horizontal cortical connections, and SST-mediated lateral inhibition each contribute [Self2014b, Alitto2015, Rubin20...
^{4Citationpaper:paper-1f5b100f7d74The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}4 The current evidence suggests that SST cells contribute to surround suppression but are neither necessary nor sufficient for it {numref}fig-sec5-sst-evidence. The computation appears to involve multiple mechanisms operating at different spatial and temporal scales: thalamic withdrawal of excitation, horizontal cortical connections, and SST-mediated lateral inhibition each contribute [Self2014b, Alitto2015, Rubin20...
^{4Citationpaper:paper-1f5b100f7d74The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}5 The current evidence suggests that SST cells contribute to surround suppression but are neither necessary nor sufficient for it {numref}fig-sec5-sst-evidence. The computation appears to involve multiple mechanisms operating at different spatial and temporal scales: thalamic withdrawal of excitation, horizontal cortical connections, and SST-mediated lateral inhibition each contribute [Self2014b, Alitto2015, Rubin20...
^{4Citationpaper:paper-1f5b100f7d74The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}6 ^{4Citationpaper:paper-1f5b100f7d74The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}7 recorded optogenetically tagged interneurons of specific subtypes in behaving mouse V1 and showed that both PV and SST interneurons exhibited stimulus selectivity, but with systematic differences: SST cells showed sharper orientation tuning than PV cells, consistent with the broad-PV/sharp-SST dichotomy. However, substantial variability existed within each class, with some PV cells showing unexpectedly sh...
^{4Citationpaper:paper-1f5b100f7d74The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}8 ^{4Citationpaper:paper-1f5b100f7d74The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}9 recorded optogenetically tagged interneurons of specific subtypes in behaving mouse V1 and showed that both PV and SST interneurons exhibited stimulus selectivity, but with systematic differences: SST cells showed sharper orientation tuning than PV cells, consistent with the broad-PV/sharp-SST dichotomy. However, substantial variability existed within each class, with some PV cells showing unexpectedly sh...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}00 ^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}01 recorded optogenetically tagged interneurons of specific subtypes in behaving mouse V1 and showed that both PV and SST interneurons exhibited stimulus selectivity, but with systematic differences: SST cells showed sharper orientation tuning than PV cells, consistent with the broad-PV/sharp-SST dichotomy. However, substantial variability existed within each class, with some PV cells showing unexpectedly sh...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}02 ^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}03 evaluated how optogenetically activating SST- and PV-positive interneurons subtractively or divisively suppressed auditory cortical cells’ responses to tones, finding that both cell types could produce either type of suppression depending on conditions. This result, from auditory rather than visual cortex, suggests that tuning properties attributed to PV and SST cells may be at least partly stimulus- a...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}04 ^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}05 evaluated how optogenetically activating SST- and PV-positive interneurons subtractively or divisively suppressed auditory cortical cells’ responses to tones, finding that both cell types could produce either type of suppression depending on conditions. This result, from auditory rather than visual cortex, suggests that tuning properties attributed to PV and SST cells may be at least partly stimulus- a...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}06 ^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}07 evaluated how optogenetically activating SST- and PV-positive interneurons subtractively or divisively suppressed auditory cortical cells’ responses to tones, finding that both cell types could produce either type of suppression depending on conditions. This result, from auditory rather than visual cortex, suggests that tuning properties attributed to PV and SST cells may be at least partly stimulus- a...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}08 The most distinctive circuit property of Martinotti SST cells — their targeting of distal apical dendrites in layer 1 — positions them as gatekeepers of top-down cortical feedback {numref}fig-sec5-sst-circuits. Layer 1 is the primary termination zone for long-range corticocortical feedback projections, and Martinotti cells’ ascending axons place their inhibitory synapses directly at the site where these feedback i...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}09 The most distinctive circuit property of Martinotti SST cells — their targeting of distal apical dendrites in layer 1 — positions them as gatekeepers of top-down cortical feedback {numref}fig-sec5-sst-circuits. Layer 1 is the primary termination zone for long-range corticocortical feedback projections, and Martinotti cells’ ascending axons place their inhibitory synapses directly at the site where these feedback i...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}10 The most distinctive circuit property of Martinotti SST cells — their targeting of distal apical dendrites in layer 1 — positions them as gatekeepers of top-down cortical feedback {numref}fig-sec5-sst-circuits. Layer 1 is the primary termination zone for long-range corticocortical feedback projections, and Martinotti cells’ ascending axons place their inhibitory synapses directly at the site where these feedback i...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}11 ^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}12 provided key evidence that Martinotti cells gate top-down input by inhibiting the apical dendrites of layer 5 pyramidal neurons, directly demonstrating that SST cell activation suppresses calcium spikes in apical tufts evoked by feedback from higher cortical areas. ^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}13 showed that disinhibition of cortical excitatory cells gates information flow through and between cortical columns, with Martinot...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}14 ^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}15 provided key evidence that Martinotti cells gate top-down input by inhibiting the apical dendrites of layer 5 pyramidal neurons, directly demonstrating that SST cell activation suppresses calcium spikes in apical tufts evoked by feedback from higher cortical areas. ^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}16 showed that disinhibition of cortical excitatory cells gates information flow through and between cortical columns, with Martinot...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}17 ^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}18 provided key evidence that Martinotti cells gate top-down input by inhibiting the apical dendrites of layer 5 pyramidal neurons, directly demonstrating that SST cell activation suppresses calcium spikes in apical tufts evoked by feedback from higher cortical areas. ^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}19 showed that disinhibition of cortical excitatory cells gates information flow through and between cortical columns, with Martinot...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}20 However, the claim that SST cells exclusively gate dendritic calcium spikes should be treated cautiously. ^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}21 used cell-type-specific optogenetic manipulations in behaving animals and showed that dendrite-targeting SST cells modulate sensory responses in a context-dependent manner, but the effect was more complex than simple dendritic gating, varying with stimulus contrast and behavioral state. ^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}22...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}23 However, the claim that SST cells exclusively gate dendritic calcium spikes should be treated cautiously. ^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}24 used cell-type-specific optogenetic manipulations in behaving animals and showed that dendrite-targeting SST cells modulate sensory responses in a context-dependent manner, but the effect was more complex than simple dendritic gating, varying with stimulus contrast and behavioral state. ^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}25...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}26 ^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}27 showed that feedback between higher-order visual areas and V1 operates through SST-mediated circuits, but found that the wiring rule differed from canonical models. ^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}28 used modeling to show that both superficial and deep layers implement SST-dependent feedback processing with distinct computational signatures. The interaction between SST-mediated dendritic gating and PV-mediated perisomatic inhibi...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}29 ^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}30 showed that feedback between higher-order visual areas and V1 operates through SST-mediated circuits, but found that the wiring rule differed from canonical models. ^{1Citationpaper:paper-0cee20f3440cThe morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...content/05_sst_interneurons.md:line 7Open reference}31 used modeling to show that both superficial and deep layers implement SST-dependent feedback processing with distinct computational signatures. The interaction between SST-mediated dendritic gating and PV-mediated perisomatic inhibi...
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References

[Wang2004] paper:paper-0cee20f3440c “The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...”
[McGarry2010] paper:paper-bf344c0a6a03 “The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...”
[Yao2021] paper:paper-4dfe44516146 “The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...”
[Gabitto2024] paper:paper-1f5b100f7d74 “The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...”
[VanDerveer2021] paper:paper-9327889a62f6 “The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...”
[Kim2023] paper:paper-pm-37249212 “The morphological diversity of SST interneurons has been recognized since the earliest Golgi studies. [Wang2004] used whole-cell recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR on 180 Martinotti cells in rat somatosensory cortex, establishing that Martinotti cells are somatostatin-expressing, dendrite-targeting interneurons that project ascending axons to layer 1. [McGarry2010] performed quantit...”
[Kawaguchi1996] paper:paper-1934939df27a “[VanDerveer2021] highlighted the challenges that remain, including subtypes within the SST class whose functional properties are largely unexplored. [Kim2023] used molecular identification with FISH and classifiers based on transcriptomic data to match recorded neurons to specific SST subtypes, but found that electrophysiological properties overlap substantially across transcriptomic types, complicating functional a...”
[Fisher2024] paper:paper-154edcc33e13 “[VanDerveer2021] highlighted the challenges that remain, including subtypes within the SST class whose functional properties are largely unexplored. [Kim2023] used molecular identification with FISH and classifiers based on transcriptomic data to match recorded neurons to specific SST subtypes, but found that electrophysiological properties overlap substantially across transcriptomic types, complicating functional a...”
[Nassar2015] paper:paper-3b01d57295fe “The non-Martinotti SST population is particularly poorly understood {numref}`fig-sec5-sst-circuits`. Unlike classical Martinotti cells, which target distal apical dendrites in layer 1, non-Martinotti SST cells target perisomatic and proximal dendritic compartments — functionally resembling PV basket cells more than other SST subtypes [McGarry2010, Nassar2015]. [Nassar2015] reviewed the diversity of SST cell types in...”
[Rudy2011] paper:34a07597-2d6f-4552-b9cf-d2d11817f9f9 “The non-Martinotti SST population is particularly poorly understood {numref}`fig-sec5-sst-circuits`. Unlike classical Martinotti cells, which target distal apical dendrites in layer 1, non-Martinotti SST cells target perisomatic and proximal dendritic compartments — functionally resembling PV basket cells more than other SST subtypes [McGarry2010, Nassar2015]. [Nassar2015] reviewed the diversity of SST cell types in...”
[Tai2014] paper:paper-855d0bdbad3b “The non-Martinotti SST population is particularly poorly understood {numref}`fig-sec5-sst-circuits`. Unlike classical Martinotti cells, which target distal apical dendrites in layer 1, non-Martinotti SST cells target perisomatic and proximal dendritic compartments — functionally resembling PV basket cells more than other SST subtypes [McGarry2010, Nassar2015]. [Nassar2015] reviewed the diversity of SST cell types in...”
[Ozeki2004] paper:paper-d168a47d39ff “The most prominent functional claim for SST interneurons — that they mediate surround suppression in primary visual cortex — is among the most contested findings in the interneuron literature. Surround suppression, the phenomenon whereby neural responses to stimuli within the receptive field are reduced by stimuli in the surround, is a fundamental property of V1 neurons [Ozeki2004, Alitto2015, Self2014a].”
[Alitto2015] paper:paper-e9c5d4f6f05b “The most prominent functional claim for SST interneurons — that they mediate surround suppression in primary visual cortex — is among the most contested findings in the interneuron literature. Surround suppression, the phenomenon whereby neural responses to stimuli within the receptive field are reduced by stimuli in the surround, is a fundamental property of V1 neurons [Ozeki2004, Alitto2015, Self2014a].”
[Self2014a] paper:paper-49332b5d0908 “The most prominent functional claim for SST interneurons — that they mediate surround suppression in primary visual cortex — is among the most contested findings in the interneuron literature. Surround suppression, the phenomenon whereby neural responses to stimuli within the receptive field are reduced by stimuli in the surround, is a fundamental property of V1 neurons [Ozeki2004, Alitto2015, Self2014a].”
[Vangeneugden2019] paper:paper-d8c2daad43b1 “The initial evidence linking SST cells to surround suppression was compelling. Optogenetic silencing of SST interneurons in mouse V1 reduced surround suppression, while activating SST cells enhanced it [Vangeneugden2019, Li2018]. [Vangeneugden2019] showed that neuronal responses in V1 are reduced when a stimulus is surrounded by a similar stimulus, and that this suppression depends on SST cell activity. [Li2018] fou...”
[Li2018] paper:paper-c4c3b5d93d63 “The initial evidence linking SST cells to surround suppression was compelling. Optogenetic silencing of SST interneurons in mouse V1 reduced surround suppression, while activating SST cells enhanced it [Vangeneugden2019, Li2018]. [Vangeneugden2019] showed that neuronal responses in V1 are reduced when a stimulus is surrounded by a similar stimulus, and that this suppression depends on SST cell activity. [Li2018] fou...”
[Self2014b] paper:paper-49332b5d0908 “The initial evidence linking SST cells to surround suppression was compelling. Optogenetic silencing of SST interneurons in mouse V1 reduced surround suppression, while activating SST cells enhanced it [Vangeneugden2019, Li2018]. [Vangeneugden2019] showed that neuronal responses in V1 are reduced when a stimulus is surrounded by a similar stimulus, and that this suppression depends on SST cell activity. [Li2018] fou...”
[Lakunina2020] paper:paper-a98060d4d03f “The strongest evidence against SST exclusivity comes from studies demonstrating thalamic contributions. [Alitto2015] reviewed extraclassical surround suppression across visual processing stages and showed that substantial surround suppression exists at thalamic levels before cortical SST cells could contribute. [Ozeki2004] provided direct evidence that surround suppression is not primarily attributable to intracorti...”
[Rubin2015] paper:paper-e15053dfa039 “Computational modeling has attempted to reconcile these conflicting findings. [Rubin2015] showed that the stabilized supralinear network (SSN) model can produce surround suppression without requiring a dedicated SST-mediated mechanism. [Kraynyukova2018] demonstrated that the SSN model can also account for surround suppression through purely excitatory-inhibitory network dynamics (n = 2 model variants). [Krishnamurth...”
[Kraynyukova2018] paper:paper-5989bc007d71 “Computational modeling has attempted to reconcile these conflicting findings. [Rubin2015] showed that the stabilized supralinear network (SSN) model can produce surround suppression without requiring a dedicated SST-mediated mechanism. [Kraynyukova2018] demonstrated that the SSN model can also account for surround suppression through purely excitatory-inhibitory network dynamics (n = 2 model variants). [Krishnamurth...”
[Krishnamurthy2015] paper:paper-7cf52a12f6e4 “Computational modeling has attempted to reconcile these conflicting findings. [Rubin2015] showed that the stabilized supralinear network (SSN) model can produce surround suppression without requiring a dedicated SST-mediated mechanism. [Kraynyukova2018] demonstrated that the SSN model can also account for surround suppression through purely excitatory-inhibitory network dynamics (n = 2 model variants). [Krishnamurth...”
[Obeid2021] paper:paper-8fe5f361e26a “Computational modeling has attempted to reconcile these conflicting findings. [Rubin2015] showed that the stabilized supralinear network (SSN) model can produce surround suppression without requiring a dedicated SST-mediated mechanism. [Kraynyukova2018] demonstrated that the SSN model can also account for surround suppression through purely excitatory-inhibitory network dynamics (n = 2 model variants). [Krishnamurth...”
[Gilday2023] paper:paper-e27904276d7a “The current evidence suggests that SST cells contribute to surround suppression but are neither necessary nor sufficient for it {numref}`fig-sec5-sst-evidence`. The computation appears to involve multiple mechanisms operating at different spatial and temporal scales: thalamic withdrawal of excitation, horizontal cortical connections, and SST-mediated lateral inhibition each contribute [Self2014b, Alitto2015, Rubin20...”
[Chen2017] paper:paper-085397716544 “[Chen2017] recorded optogenetically tagged interneurons of specific subtypes in behaving mouse V1 and showed that both PV and SST interneurons exhibited stimulus selectivity, but with systematic differences: SST cells showed sharper orientation tuning than PV cells, consistent with the broad-PV/sharp-SST dichotomy. However, substantial variability existed within each class, with some PV cells showing unexpectedly sh...”
[El-Boustani2014] paper:paper-ed563f6ff7f5 “[Chen2017] recorded optogenetically tagged interneurons of specific subtypes in behaving mouse V1 and showed that both PV and SST interneurons exhibited stimulus selectivity, but with systematic differences: SST cells showed sharper orientation tuning than PV cells, consistent with the broad-PV/sharp-SST dichotomy. However, substantial variability existed within each class, with some PV cells showing unexpectedly sh...”
[DelRosario2025] paper:paper-3df4a9d9d9de “[Chen2017] recorded optogenetically tagged interneurons of specific subtypes in behaving mouse V1 and showed that both PV and SST interneurons exhibited stimulus selectivity, but with systematic differences: SST cells showed sharper orientation tuning than PV cells, consistent with the broad-PV/sharp-SST dichotomy. However, substantial variability existed within each class, with some PV cells showing unexpectedly sh...”
[Seybold2015] paper:paper-63edd004db85 “[Seybold2015] evaluated how optogenetically activating SST- and PV-positive interneurons subtractively or divisively suppressed auditory cortical cells' responses to tones, finding that both cell types could produce either type of suppression depending on conditions. This result, from auditory rather than visual cortex, suggests that tuning properties attributed to PV and SST cells may be at least partly stimulus- a...”
[Nienborg2013b] paper:paper-03d61a0e26d7 “[Seybold2015] evaluated how optogenetically activating SST- and PV-positive interneurons subtractively or divisively suppressed auditory cortical cells' responses to tones, finding that both cell types could produce either type of suppression depending on conditions. This result, from auditory rather than visual cortex, suggests that tuning properties attributed to PV and SST cells may be at least partly stimulus- a...”
[Hilscher2017] paper:paper-0463abb2ff0d “The most distinctive circuit property of Martinotti SST cells — their targeting of distal apical dendrites in layer 1 — positions them as gatekeepers of top-down cortical feedback {numref}`fig-sec5-sst-circuits`. Layer 1 is the primary termination zone for long-range corticocortical feedback projections, and Martinotti cells' ascending axons place their inhibitory synapses directly at the site where these feedback i...”
[Naka2019] paper:paper-7881c9e4267e “The most distinctive circuit property of Martinotti SST cells — their targeting of distal apical dendrites in layer 1 — positions them as gatekeepers of top-down cortical feedback {numref}`fig-sec5-sst-circuits`. Layer 1 is the primary termination zone for long-range corticocortical feedback projections, and Martinotti cells' ascending axons place their inhibitory synapses directly at the site where these feedback i...”
[Walker2016] paper:paper-e93955349823 “The most distinctive circuit property of Martinotti SST cells — their targeting of distal apical dendrites in layer 1 — positions them as gatekeepers of top-down cortical feedback {numref}`fig-sec5-sst-circuits`. Layer 1 is the primary termination zone for long-range corticocortical feedback projections, and Martinotti cells' ascending axons place their inhibitory synapses directly at the site where these feedback i...”
[Veit2017] paper:paper-676bfe401c07 “However, the claim that SST cells exclusively gate dendritic calcium spikes should be treated cautiously. [Veit2017] used cell-type-specific optogenetic manipulations in behaving animals and showed that dendrite-targeting SST cells modulate sensory responses in a context-dependent manner, but the effect was more complex than simple dendritic gating, varying with stimulus contrast and behavioral state. [Nemati2025b]...”
[Nemati2025b] paper:paper-d67d30eba36a “However, the claim that SST cells exclusively gate dendritic calcium spikes should be treated cautiously. [Veit2017] used cell-type-specific optogenetic manipulations in behaving animals and showed that dendrite-targeting SST cells modulate sensory responses in a context-dependent manner, but the effect was more complex than simple dendritic gating, varying with stimulus contrast and behavioral state. [Nemati2025b]...”
[Shen2022] paper:paper-6916ebf22926 “[Shen2022] showed that feedback between higher-order visual areas and V1 operates through SST-mediated circuits, but found that the wiring rule differed from canonical models. [Hahn2022] used modeling to show that both superficial and deep layers implement SST-dependent feedback processing with distinct computational signatures. The interaction between SST-mediated dendritic gating and PV-mediated perisomatic inhibi...”
[Hahn2022] paper:paper-bbc707d63f15 “[Shen2022] showed that feedback between higher-order visual areas and V1 operates through SST-mediated circuits, but found that the wiring rule differed from canonical models. [Hahn2022] used modeling to show that both superficial and deep layers implement SST-dependent feedback processing with distinct computational signatures. The interaction between SST-mediated dendritic gating and PV-mediated perisomatic inhibi...”

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