Cell-Type-Specific Inhibition in Cortical Processing: Gain Control, Feature Sel…

Cell-Type-Specific Inhibition in Cortical Processing: Gain Control, Feature Selectivity, and Sensory Computation

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^{1Citationpaper:paper-cf0d183b1c6dAttributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference} Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-63edd004db85Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference} Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-baf5481ea21bAttributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference} Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...
^{4Citationpaper:paper-68e3e7eb6c50Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference} Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...
^{5Citationpaper:paper-7788d49563cbAttributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference} Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...
^{6Citationpaper:paper-68af3b7be032Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference} Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...
^{7Citationpaper:paper-fbb17659354cAttributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference} Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...
^{8Citationpaper:paper-aa5c7de7e958Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference} Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...
^{9Citationpaper:paper-e20ad76ed156Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference} Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...
^{10Citationpaper:paper-217930c1dc9cThe question of whether PV interneurons implement divisive or subtractive gain control has occupied the field for over a decade, producing directly contradictory results from technically sophisticated laboratories [Tiesinga2009, El-Boustani2014] The initial framing arose from two landmark 2012 studies that reached opposite conclusions using similar optogenetic approaches in mouse V1. Subsequent work has not resolved...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 9Open reference} The question of whether PV interneurons implement divisive or subtractive gain control has occupied the field for over a decade, producing directly contradictory results from technically sophisticated laboratories ^{2Citationpaper:paper-63edd004db85Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}0 The initial framing arose from two landmark 2012 studies that reached opposite conclusions using similar optogenetic approaches in mouse V1. Subsequent work has not resolved...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-63edd004db85Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}1 The question of whether PV interneurons implement divisive or subtractive gain control has occupied the field for over a decade, producing directly contradictory results from technically sophisticated laboratories ^{2Citationpaper:paper-63edd004db85Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}2 The initial framing arose from two landmark 2012 studies that reached opposite conclusions using similar optogenetic approaches in mouse V1. Subsequent work has not resolved...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-63edd004db85Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}3 The question of whether PV interneurons implement divisive or subtractive gain control has occupied the field for over a decade, producing directly contradictory results from technically sophisticated laboratories ^{2Citationpaper:paper-63edd004db85Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}4 The initial framing arose from two landmark 2012 studies that reached opposite conclusions using similar optogenetic approaches in mouse V1. Subsequent work has not resolved...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-63edd004db85Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}5 The question of whether PV interneurons implement divisive or subtractive gain control has occupied the field for over a decade, producing directly contradictory results from technically sophisticated laboratories ^{2Citationpaper:paper-63edd004db85Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}6 The initial framing arose from two landmark 2012 studies that reached opposite conclusions using similar optogenetic approaches in mouse V1. Subsequent work has not resolved...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-63edd004db85Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}7 ^{2Citationpaper:paper-63edd004db85Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}8 found that orientation tuning of putative V1 pyramidal neurons showed a similar pattern of divisive scaling whether all interneuron types were activated simultaneously or PV interneurons were activated selectively, with an orientation selectivity index change of 0.24. This result supported the divisive gain model. In contrast, ^{2Citationpaper:paper-63edd004db85Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}9 evaluated both subtractive and divisive models in auditory cort...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-baf5481ea21bAttributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}0 ^{3Citationpaper:paper-baf5481ea21bAttributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}1 found that orientation tuning of putative V1 pyramidal neurons showed a similar pattern of divisive scaling whether all interneuron types were activated simultaneously or PV interneurons were activated selectively, with an orientation selectivity index change of 0.24. This result supported the divisive gain model. In contrast, ^{3Citationpaper:paper-baf5481ea21bAttributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}2 evaluated both subtractive and divisive models in auditory cort...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-baf5481ea21bAttributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}3 ^{3Citationpaper:paper-baf5481ea21bAttributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}4 found that orientation tuning of putative V1 pyramidal neurons showed a similar pattern of divisive scaling whether all interneuron types were activated simultaneously or PV interneurons were activated selectively, with an orientation selectivity index change of 0.24. This result supported the divisive gain model. In contrast, ^{3Citationpaper:paper-baf5481ea21bAttributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}5 evaluated both subtractive and divisive models in auditory cort...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-baf5481ea21bAttributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}6 ^{3Citationpaper:paper-baf5481ea21bAttributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}7 found that orientation tuning of putative V1 pyramidal neurons showed a similar pattern of divisive scaling whether all interneuron types were activated simultaneously or PV interneurons were activated selectively, with an orientation selectivity index change of 0.24. This result supported the divisive gain model. In contrast, ^{3Citationpaper:paper-baf5481ea21bAttributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}8 evaluated both subtractive and divisive models in auditory cort...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-baf5481ea21bAttributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}9 The resolution emerging from this body of work is that PV interneurons do not implement a single canonical gain operation. ^{4Citationpaper:paper-68e3e7eb6c50Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}0 provided perhaps the most integrative account, showing through combined optogenetics and modeling that recurrent amplification drives a transition from a positive PC $\to$ VIP $⊣$ SST $⊣$ PC feedback loop at small stimulus size and low contrast to a negative PC $\to$ SST $⊣$ PC feedback loop at...
^{4Citationpaper:paper-68e3e7eb6c50Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}1 The resolution emerging from this body of work is that PV interneurons do not implement a single canonical gain operation. ^{4Citationpaper:paper-68e3e7eb6c50Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}2 provided perhaps the most integrative account, showing through combined optogenetics and modeling that recurrent amplification drives a transition from a positive PC $\to$ VIP $⊣$ SST $⊣$ PC feedback loop at small stimulus size and low contrast to a negative PC $\to$ SST $⊣$ PC feedback loop at...
^{4Citationpaper:paper-68e3e7eb6c50Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}3 The resolution emerging from this body of work is that PV interneurons do not implement a single canonical gain operation. ^{4Citationpaper:paper-68e3e7eb6c50Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}4 provided perhaps the most integrative account, showing through combined optogenetics and modeling that recurrent amplification drives a transition from a positive PC $\to$ VIP $⊣$ SST $⊣$ PC feedback loop at small stimulus size and low contrast to a negative PC $\to$ SST $⊣$ PC feedback loop at...
^{4Citationpaper:paper-68e3e7eb6c50Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}5 The resolution emerging from this body of work is that PV interneurons do not implement a single canonical gain operation. ^{4Citationpaper:paper-68e3e7eb6c50Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}6 provided perhaps the most integrative account, showing through combined optogenetics and modeling that recurrent amplification drives a transition from a positive PC $\to$ VIP $⊣$ SST $⊣$ PC feedback loop at small stimulus size and low contrast to a negative PC $\to$ SST $⊣$ PC feedback loop at...
^{4Citationpaper:paper-68e3e7eb6c50Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}7 The resolution emerging from this body of work is that PV interneurons do not implement a single canonical gain operation. ^{4Citationpaper:paper-68e3e7eb6c50Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}8 provided perhaps the most integrative account, showing through combined optogenetics and modeling that recurrent amplification drives a transition from a positive PC $\to$ VIP $⊣$ SST $⊣$ PC feedback loop at small stimulus size and low contrast to a negative PC $\to$ SST $⊣$ PC feedback loop at...
^{4Citationpaper:paper-68e3e7eb6c50Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}9 The resolution emerging from this body of work is that PV interneurons do not implement a single canonical gain operation. ^{5Citationpaper:paper-7788d49563cbAttributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}0 provided perhaps the most integrative account, showing through combined optogenetics and modeling that recurrent amplification drives a transition from a positive PC $\to$ VIP $⊣$ SST $⊣$ PC feedback loop at small stimulus size and low contrast to a negative PC $\to$ SST $⊣$ PC feedback loop at...
^{5Citationpaper:paper-7788d49563cbAttributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}1 The resolution emerging from this body of work is that PV interneurons do not implement a single canonical gain operation. ^{5Citationpaper:paper-7788d49563cbAttributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}2 provided perhaps the most integrative account, showing through combined optogenetics and modeling that recurrent amplification drives a transition from a positive PC $\to$ VIP $⊣$ SST $⊣$ PC feedback loop at small stimulus size and low contrast to a negative PC $\to$ SST $⊣$ PC feedback loop at...
^{5Citationpaper:paper-7788d49563cbAttributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}3 PV-mediated gain control varies across studies from purely divisive to context-dependent, depending on stimulus conditions, cortical area, and stimulation parameters. Early studies reported either divisive ^{5Citationpaper:paper-7788d49563cbAttributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}4 or contrast-dependent effects ^{5Citationpaper:paper-7788d49563cbAttributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}5; more recent work emphasizes that the gain operation depends on the network’s operating regime ^{5Citationpaper:paper-7788d49563cbAttributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}6. All studies used opt...
^{5Citationpaper:paper-7788d49563cbAttributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}7 PV-mediated gain control varies across studies from purely divisive to context-dependent, depending on stimulus conditions, cortical area, and stimulation parameters. Early studies reported either divisive ^{5Citationpaper:paper-7788d49563cbAttributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}8 or contrast-dependent effects ^{5Citationpaper:paper-7788d49563cbAttributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}9; more recent work emphasizes that the gain operation depends on the network’s operating regime ^{6Citationpaper:paper-68af3b7be032Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}0. All studies used opt...
^{6Citationpaper:paper-68af3b7be032Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}1 PV-mediated gain control varies across studies from purely divisive to context-dependent, depending on stimulus conditions, cortical area, and stimulation parameters. Early studies reported either divisive ^{6Citationpaper:paper-68af3b7be032Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}2 or contrast-dependent effects ^{6Citationpaper:paper-68af3b7be032Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}3; more recent work emphasizes that the gain operation depends on the network’s operating regime ^{6Citationpaper:paper-68af3b7be032Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}4. All studies used opt...
^{6Citationpaper:paper-68af3b7be032Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}5 PV-mediated gain control varies across studies from purely divisive to context-dependent, depending on stimulus conditions, cortical area, and stimulation parameters. Early studies reported either divisive ^{6Citationpaper:paper-68af3b7be032Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}6 or contrast-dependent effects ^{6Citationpaper:paper-68af3b7be032Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}7; more recent work emphasizes that the gain operation depends on the network’s operating regime ^{6Citationpaper:paper-68af3b7be032Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}8. All studies used opt...
^{6Citationpaper:paper-68af3b7be032Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}9 PV-mediated gain control varies across studies from purely divisive to context-dependent, depending on stimulus conditions, cortical area, and stimulation parameters. Early studies reported either divisive ^{7Citationpaper:paper-fbb17659354cAttributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}0 or contrast-dependent effects ^{7Citationpaper:paper-fbb17659354cAttributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}1; more recent work emphasizes that the gain operation depends on the network’s operating regime ^{7Citationpaper:paper-fbb17659354cAttributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}2. All studies used opt...
^{7Citationpaper:paper-fbb17659354cAttributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}3 The canonical view holds that PV interneurons are broadly tuned for stimulus features, providing unselective blanket inhibition that sharpens pyramidal cell selectivity. Evidence from mouse V1 largely supports this description ^{7Citationpaper:paper-fbb17659354cAttributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}4, with calretinin-expressing interneurons exhibiting reduced orientation selectivity (index 0.82) relative to pyramidal cells. However, this character...
^{7Citationpaper:paper-fbb17659354cAttributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}5 The canonical view holds that PV interneurons are broadly tuned for stimulus features, providing unselective blanket inhibition that sharpens pyramidal cell selectivity. Evidence from mouse V1 largely supports this description ^{7Citationpaper:paper-fbb17659354cAttributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}6, with calretinin-expressing interneurons exhibiting reduced orientation selectivity (index 0.82) relative to pyramidal cells. However, this character...
^{7Citationpaper:paper-fbb17659354cAttributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}7 The canonical view holds that PV interneurons are broadly tuned for stimulus features, providing unselective blanket inhibition that sharpens pyramidal cell selectivity. Evidence from mouse V1 largely supports this description ^{7Citationpaper:paper-fbb17659354cAttributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}8, with calretinin-expressing interneurons exhibiting reduced orientation selectivity (index 0.82) relative to pyramidal cells. However, this character...
^{7Citationpaper:paper-fbb17659354cAttributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}9 ^{8Citationpaper:paper-aa5c7de7e958Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}0 demonstrated that PV interneurons in auditory cortex were well tuned for sound frequency, though very tightly tuned PV cells were rare. ^{8Citationpaper:paper-aa5c7de7e958Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}1 confirmed that PV cells exhibited broader tonal receptive fields with lower intensity thresholds compared to pyramidal cells, but the difference was quantitative rather than qualitative. This area dependence was further underscored by ^{8Citationpaper:paper-aa5c7de7e958Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}2, who showed t...
^{8Citationpaper:paper-aa5c7de7e958Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}3 ^{8Citationpaper:paper-aa5c7de7e958Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}4 demonstrated that PV interneurons in auditory cortex were well tuned for sound frequency, though very tightly tuned PV cells were rare. ^{8Citationpaper:paper-aa5c7de7e958Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}5 confirmed that PV cells exhibited broader tonal receptive fields with lower intensity thresholds compared to pyramidal cells, but the difference was quantitative rather than qualitative. This area dependence was further underscored by ^{8Citationpaper:paper-aa5c7de7e958Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}6, who showed t...
^{8Citationpaper:paper-aa5c7de7e958Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}7 ^{8Citationpaper:paper-aa5c7de7e958Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}8 demonstrated that PV interneurons in auditory cortex were well tuned for sound frequency, though very tightly tuned PV cells were rare. ^{8Citationpaper:paper-aa5c7de7e958Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}9 confirmed that PV cells exhibited broader tonal receptive fields with lower intensity thresholds compared to pyramidal cells, but the difference was quantitative rather than qualitative. This area dependence was further underscored by ^{9Citationpaper:paper-e20ad76ed156Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}0, who showed t...
^{9Citationpaper:paper-e20ad76ed156Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}1 ^{9Citationpaper:paper-e20ad76ed156Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}2 demonstrated that PV interneurons in auditory cortex were well tuned for sound frequency, though very tightly tuned PV cells were rare. ^{9Citationpaper:paper-e20ad76ed156Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}3 confirmed that PV cells exhibited broader tonal receptive fields with lower intensity thresholds compared to pyramidal cells, but the difference was quantitative rather than qualitative. This area dependence was further underscored by ^{9Citationpaper:paper-e20ad76ed156Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}4, who showed t...
^{9Citationpaper:paper-e20ad76ed156Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}5 ^{9Citationpaper:paper-e20ad76ed156Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}6 demonstrated that PV interneurons in auditory cortex were well tuned for sound frequency, though very tightly tuned PV cells were rare. ^{9Citationpaper:paper-e20ad76ed156Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}7 confirmed that PV cells exhibited broader tonal receptive fields with lower intensity thresholds compared to pyramidal cells, but the difference was quantitative rather than qualitative. This area dependence was further underscored by ^{9Citationpaper:paper-e20ad76ed156Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}8, who showed t...
^{9Citationpaper:paper-e20ad76ed156Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}9 ^{10Citationpaper:paper-217930c1dc9cThe question of whether PV interneurons implement divisive or subtractive gain control has occupied the field for over a decade, producing directly contradictory results from technically sophisticated laboratories [Tiesinga2009, El-Boustani2014] The initial framing arose from two landmark 2012 studies that reached opposite conclusions using similar optogenetic approaches in mouse V1. Subsequent work has not resolved...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 9Open reference}0 demonstrated that PV interneurons in auditory cortex were well tuned for sound frequency, though very tightly tuned PV cells were rare. ^{10Citationpaper:paper-217930c1dc9cThe question of whether PV interneurons implement divisive or subtractive gain control has occupied the field for over a decade, producing directly contradictory results from technically sophisticated laboratories [Tiesinga2009, El-Boustani2014] The initial framing arose from two landmark 2012 studies that reached opposite conclusions using similar optogenetic approaches in mouse V1. Subsequent work has not resolved...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 9Open reference}1 confirmed that PV cells exhibited broader tonal receptive fields with lower intensity thresholds compared to pyramidal cells, but the difference was quantitative rather than qualitative. This area dependence was further underscored by ^{10Citationpaper:paper-217930c1dc9cThe question of whether PV interneurons implement divisive or subtractive gain control has occupied the field for over a decade, producing directly contradictory results from technically sophisticated laboratories [Tiesinga2009, El-Boustani2014] The initial framing arose from two landmark 2012 studies that reached opposite conclusions using similar optogenetic approaches in mouse V1. Subsequent work has not resolved...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 9Open reference}2, who showed t...
^{10Citationpaper:paper-217930c1dc9cThe question of whether PV interneurons implement divisive or subtractive gain control has occupied the field for over a decade, producing directly contradictory results from technically sophisticated laboratories [Tiesinga2009, El-Boustani2014] The initial framing arose from two landmark 2012 studies that reached opposite conclusions using similar optogenetic approaches in mouse V1. Subsequent work has not resolved...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 9Open reference}3 The relationship between feature selectivity and prediction has emerged as a separate axis. ^{10Citationpaper:paper-217930c1dc9cThe question of whether PV interneurons implement divisive or subtractive gain control has occupied the field for over a decade, producing directly contradictory results from technically sophisticated laboratories [Tiesinga2009, El-Boustani2014] The initial framing arose from two landmark 2012 studies that reached opposite conclusions using similar optogenetic approaches in mouse V1. Subsequent work has not resolved...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 9Open reference}4 showed that violating predictions preferentially boosts responses of the most selective layer 2/3 V1 neurons (effect size 0.27), while ^{10Citationpaper:paper-217930c1dc9cThe question of whether PV interneurons implement divisive or subtractive gain control has occupied the field for over a decade, producing directly contradictory results from technically sophisticated laboratories [Tiesinga2009, El-Boustani2014] The initial framing arose from two landmark 2012 studies that reached opposite conclusions using similar optogenetic approaches in mouse V1. Subsequent work has not resolved...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 9Open reference}5 showed computationally that SST neurons mediate feature-specific dendritic inhibition under expected conditions. Stimulus-specific adaptation in auditory cortex fur...
^{10Citationpaper:paper-217930c1dc9cThe question of whether PV interneurons implement divisive or subtractive gain control has occupied the field for over a decade, producing directly contradictory results from technically sophisticated laboratories [Tiesinga2009, El-Boustani2014] The initial framing arose from two landmark 2012 studies that reached opposite conclusions using similar optogenetic approaches in mouse V1. Subsequent work has not resolved...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 9Open reference}6 The relationship between feature selectivity and prediction has emerged as a separate axis. ^{10Citationpaper:paper-217930c1dc9cThe question of whether PV interneurons implement divisive or subtractive gain control has occupied the field for over a decade, producing directly contradictory results from technically sophisticated laboratories [Tiesinga2009, El-Boustani2014] The initial framing arose from two landmark 2012 studies that reached opposite conclusions using similar optogenetic approaches in mouse V1. Subsequent work has not resolved...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 9Open reference}7 showed that violating predictions preferentially boosts responses of the most selective layer 2/3 V1 neurons (effect size 0.27), while ^{10Citationpaper:paper-217930c1dc9cThe question of whether PV interneurons implement divisive or subtractive gain control has occupied the field for over a decade, producing directly contradictory results from technically sophisticated laboratories [Tiesinga2009, El-Boustani2014] The initial framing arose from two landmark 2012 studies that reached opposite conclusions using similar optogenetic approaches in mouse V1. Subsequent work has not resolved...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 9Open reference}8 showed computationally that SST neurons mediate feature-specific dendritic inhibition under expected conditions. Stimulus-specific adaptation in auditory cortex fur...
^{10Citationpaper:paper-217930c1dc9cThe question of whether PV interneurons implement divisive or subtractive gain control has occupied the field for over a decade, producing directly contradictory results from technically sophisticated laboratories [Tiesinga2009, El-Boustani2014] The initial framing arose from two landmark 2012 studies that reached opposite conclusions using similar optogenetic approaches in mouse V1. Subsequent work has not resolved...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 9Open reference}9 The relationship between feature selectivity and prediction has emerged as a separate axis. ^{2Citationpaper:paper-63edd004db85Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}00 showed that violating predictions preferentially boosts responses of the most selective layer 2/3 V1 neurons (effect size 0.27), while ^{2Citationpaper:paper-63edd004db85Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}01 showed computationally that SST neurons mediate feature-specific dendritic inhibition under expected conditions. Stimulus-specific adaptation in auditory cortex fur...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-63edd004db85Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}02 The relationship between feature selectivity and prediction has emerged as a separate axis. ^{2Citationpaper:paper-63edd004db85Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}03 showed that violating predictions preferentially boosts responses of the most selective layer 2/3 V1 neurons (effect size 0.27), while ^{2Citationpaper:paper-63edd004db85Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}04 showed computationally that SST neurons mediate feature-specific dendritic inhibition under expected conditions. Stimulus-specific adaptation in auditory cortex fur...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-63edd004db85Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}05 The relationship between feature selectivity and prediction has emerged as a separate axis. ^{2Citationpaper:paper-63edd004db85Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}06 showed that violating predictions preferentially boosts responses of the most selective layer 2/3 V1 neurons (effect size 0.27), while ^{2Citationpaper:paper-63edd004db85Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}07 showed computationally that SST neurons mediate feature-specific dendritic inhibition under expected conditions. Stimulus-specific adaptation in auditory cortex fur...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-63edd004db85Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}08 The relationship between feature selectivity and prediction has emerged as a separate axis. ^{2Citationpaper:paper-63edd004db85Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}09 showed that violating predictions preferentially boosts responses of the most selective layer 2/3 V1 neurons (effect size 0.27), while ^{2Citationpaper:paper-63edd004db85Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}10 showed computationally that SST neurons mediate feature-specific dendritic inhibition under expected conditions. Stimulus-specific adaptation in auditory cortex fur...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-63edd004db85Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}11 Surround suppression—the reduction of neural responses when stimuli extend beyond the classical receptive field—has been attributed primarily to SST interneurons. ^{2Citationpaper:paper-63edd004db85Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}12 provided direct evidence in mouse V1 showing that surround modulation operates through an SST-dependent mechanism, a finding independently supported by ^{2Citationpaper:paper-63edd004db85Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}13 who showed that many V1 neurons are suppressed by stimuli surrounding their...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-63edd004db85Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}14 Surround suppression—the reduction of neural responses when stimuli extend beyond the classical receptive field—has been attributed primarily to SST interneurons. ^{2Citationpaper:paper-63edd004db85Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}15 provided direct evidence in mouse V1 showing that surround modulation operates through an SST-dependent mechanism, a finding independently supported by ^{2Citationpaper:paper-63edd004db85Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}16 who showed that many V1 neurons are suppressed by stimuli surrounding their...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-63edd004db85Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}17 Surround suppression—the reduction of neural responses when stimuli extend beyond the classical receptive field—has been attributed primarily to SST interneurons. ^{2Citationpaper:paper-63edd004db85Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}18 provided direct evidence in mouse V1 showing that surround modulation operates through an SST-dependent mechanism, a finding independently supported by ^{2Citationpaper:paper-63edd004db85Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}19 who showed that many V1 neurons are suppressed by stimuli surrounding their...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-63edd004db85Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}20 Surround suppression—the reduction of neural responses when stimuli extend beyond the classical receptive field—has been attributed primarily to SST interneurons. ^{2Citationpaper:paper-63edd004db85Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}21 provided direct evidence in mouse V1 showing that surround modulation operates through an SST-dependent mechanism, a finding independently supported by ^{2Citationpaper:paper-63edd004db85Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}22 who showed that many V1 neurons are suppressed by stimuli surrounding their...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-63edd004db85Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}23 Surround suppression—the reduction of neural responses when stimuli extend beyond the classical receptive field—has been attributed primarily to SST interneurons. ^{2Citationpaper:paper-63edd004db85Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}24 provided direct evidence in mouse V1 showing that surround modulation operates through an SST-dependent mechanism, a finding independently supported by ^{2Citationpaper:paper-63edd004db85Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}25 who showed that many V1 neurons are suppressed by stimuli surrounding their...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-63edd004db85Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}26 Surround suppression—the reduction of neural responses when stimuli extend beyond the classical receptive field—has been attributed primarily to SST interneurons. ^{2Citationpaper:paper-63edd004db85Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}27 provided direct evidence in mouse V1 showing that surround modulation operates through an SST-dependent mechanism, a finding independently supported by ^{2Citationpaper:paper-63edd004db85Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...content/08_invivo_processing.md:line 4Open reference}28 who showed that many V1 neurons are suppressed by stimuli surrounding their...
... 55 additional anchors in refs_json

References

[Ingram2019] paper:paper-cf0d183b1c6d “Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...”
[Seybold2015] paper:paper-63edd004db85 “Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...”
[Heintz2022] paper:paper-baf5481ea21b “Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...”
[Cooke2020] paper:paper-68e3e7eb6c50 “Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...”
[Moore2013] paper:paper-7788d49563cb “Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...”
[Gothner2019] paper:paper-68af3b7be032 “Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...”
[Li2015] paper:paper-fbb17659354c “Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...”
[Brunner2024] paper:paper-aa5c7de7e958 “Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...”
[Torres-Gomez2020] paper:paper-e20ad76ed156 “Attributing specific computational operations to specific interneuron types is among the most appealing simplifications in cortical neuroscience. The textbook narrative maps neatly: PV interneurons provide divisive gain control through perisomatic inhibition, SST interneurons gate dendritic input to shape feature selectivity, and VIP interneurons disinhibit pyramidal cells to modulate cortical state. Yet the empiric...”
[Tiesinga2009] paper:paper-217930c1dc9c “The question of whether PV interneurons implement divisive or subtractive gain control has occupied the field for over a decade, producing directly contradictory results from technically sophisticated laboratories [Tiesinga2009, El-Boustani2014] The initial framing arose from two landmark 2012 studies that reached opposite conclusions using similar optogenetic approaches in mouse V1. Subsequent work has not resolved...”
[El-Boustani2014] paper:paper-ed563f6ff7f5 “The question of whether PV interneurons implement divisive or subtractive gain control has occupied the field for over a decade, producing directly contradictory results from technically sophisticated laboratories [Tiesinga2009, El-Boustani2014] The initial framing arose from two landmark 2012 studies that reached opposite conclusions using similar optogenetic approaches in mouse V1. Subsequent work has not resolved...”
[Iqbal2024] paper:paper-abc07ad48b2f “The question of whether PV interneurons implement divisive or subtractive gain control has occupied the field for over a decade, producing directly contradictory results from technically sophisticated laboratories [Tiesinga2009, El-Boustani2014] The initial framing arose from two landmark 2012 studies that reached opposite conclusions using similar optogenetic approaches in mouse V1. Subsequent work has not resolved...”
[Nemati2025b] paper:paper-d67d30eba36a “The question of whether PV interneurons implement divisive or subtractive gain control has occupied the field for over a decade, producing directly contradictory results from technically sophisticated laboratories [Tiesinga2009, El-Boustani2014] The initial framing arose from two landmark 2012 studies that reached opposite conclusions using similar optogenetic approaches in mouse V1. Subsequent work has not resolved...”
[Phillips2016] paper:paper-bf203bb1496d “[Ingram2019] found that orientation tuning of putative V1 pyramidal neurons showed a similar pattern of divisive scaling whether all interneuron types were activated simultaneously or PV interneurons were activated selectively, with an orientation selectivity index change of 0.24. This result supported the divisive gain model. In contrast, [Seybold2015] evaluated both subtractive and divisive models in auditory cort...”
[Mossing2021] paper:paper-6f3fdb602713 “The resolution emerging from this body of work is that PV interneurons do not implement a single canonical gain operation. [Mossing2021] provided perhaps the most integrative account, showing through combined optogenetics and modeling that recurrent amplification drives a transition from a positive PC$→$VIP$⊣$SST$⊣$PC feedback loop at small stimulus size and low contrast to a negative PC$→$SST$⊣$PC feedback loop at...”
[Litwin-Kumar2016] paper:paper-8f25714ab7fe “The resolution emerging from this body of work is that PV interneurons do not implement a single canonical gain operation. [Mossing2021] provided perhaps the most integrative account, showing through combined optogenetics and modeling that recurrent amplification drives a transition from a positive PC$→$VIP$⊣$SST$⊣$PC feedback loop at small stimulus size and low contrast to a negative PC$→$SST$⊣$PC feedback loop at...”
[Bos2025] paper:paper-00de1a2c593e “The resolution emerging from this body of work is that PV interneurons do not implement a single canonical gain operation. [Mossing2021] provided perhaps the most integrative account, showing through combined optogenetics and modeling that recurrent amplification drives a transition from a positive PC$→$VIP$⊣$SST$⊣$PC feedback loop at small stimulus size and low contrast to a negative PC$→$SST$⊣$PC feedback loop at...”
[Hinojosa2025] paper:paper-642d2c187853 “The resolution emerging from this body of work is that PV interneurons do not implement a single canonical gain operation. [Mossing2021] provided perhaps the most integrative account, showing through combined optogenetics and modeling that recurrent amplification drives a transition from a positive PC$→$VIP$⊣$SST$⊣$PC feedback loop at small stimulus size and low contrast to a negative PC$→$SST$⊣$PC feedback loop at...”
[Krause2019] paper:paper-c2f6f2e937ff “The resolution emerging from this body of work is that PV interneurons do not implement a single canonical gain operation. [Mossing2021] provided perhaps the most integrative account, showing through combined optogenetics and modeling that recurrent amplification drives a transition from a positive PC$→$VIP$⊣$SST$⊣$PC feedback loop at small stimulus size and low contrast to a negative PC$→$SST$⊣$PC feedback loop at...”
[Valverde2020] paper:paper-eb8c0e4c5ef1 “The resolution emerging from this body of work is that PV interneurons do not implement a single canonical gain operation. [Mossing2021] provided perhaps the most integrative account, showing through combined optogenetics and modeling that recurrent amplification drives a transition from a positive PC$→$VIP$⊣$SST$⊣$PC feedback loop at small stimulus size and low contrast to a negative PC$→$SST$⊣$PC feedback loop at...”
[Cardin2009] paper:3767f6c5-663b-42ad-bf68-d37f6f00b49d “The canonical view holds that PV interneurons are broadly tuned for stimulus features, providing unselective blanket inhibition that sharpens pyramidal cell selectivity. Evidence from mouse V1 largely supports this description [Cardin2009, Camillo2018, El-Boustani2014], with calretinin-expressing interneurons exhibiting reduced orientation selectivity (index 0.82) relative to pyramidal cells. However, this character...”
[Camillo2018] paper:paper-04b31a19dae3 “The canonical view holds that PV interneurons are broadly tuned for stimulus features, providing unselective blanket inhibition that sharpens pyramidal cell selectivity. Evidence from mouse V1 largely supports this description [Cardin2009, Camillo2018, El-Boustani2014], with calretinin-expressing interneurons exhibiting reduced orientation selectivity (index 0.82) relative to pyramidal cells. However, this character...”
[Slater2020b] paper:paper-0aca68e4da3d “[Moore2013] demonstrated that PV interneurons in auditory cortex were well tuned for sound frequency, though very tightly tuned PV cells were rare. [Li2015] confirmed that PV cells exhibited broader tonal receptive fields with lower intensity thresholds compared to pyramidal cells, but the difference was quantitative rather than qualitative. This area dependence was further underscored by [Slater2020b], who showed t...”
[Fink2024] paper:paper-0525177d84c6 “[Moore2013] demonstrated that PV interneurons in auditory cortex were well tuned for sound frequency, though very tightly tuned PV cells were rare. [Li2015] confirmed that PV cells exhibited broader tonal receptive fields with lower intensity thresholds compared to pyramidal cells, but the difference was quantitative rather than qualitative. This area dependence was further underscored by [Slater2020b], who showed t...”
[Zhang2023a] paper:b452fa46-5a1a-4df8-a8f1-c06661d77f09 “[Moore2013] demonstrated that PV interneurons in auditory cortex were well tuned for sound frequency, though very tightly tuned PV cells were rare. [Li2015] confirmed that PV cells exhibited broader tonal receptive fields with lower intensity thresholds compared to pyramidal cells, but the difference was quantitative rather than qualitative. This area dependence was further underscored by [Slater2020b], who showed t...”
[Furutachi2024] paper:paper-41aa556ea384 “The relationship between feature selectivity and prediction has emerged as a separate axis. [Furutachi2024] showed that violating predictions preferentially boosts responses of the most selective layer 2/3 V1 neurons (effect size 0.27), while [Huang2025] showed computationally that SST neurons mediate feature-specific dendritic inhibition under expected conditions. Stimulus-specific adaptation in auditory cortex fur...”
[Huang2025] paper:paper-a93a660fe891 “The relationship between feature selectivity and prediction has emerged as a separate axis. [Furutachi2024] showed that violating predictions preferentially boosts responses of the most selective layer 2/3 V1 neurons (effect size 0.27), while [Huang2025] showed computationally that SST neurons mediate feature-specific dendritic inhibition under expected conditions. Stimulus-specific adaptation in auditory cortex fur...”
[Natan2015] paper:paper-7eea29f8098d “The relationship between feature selectivity and prediction has emerged as a separate axis. [Furutachi2024] showed that violating predictions preferentially boosts responses of the most selective layer 2/3 V1 neurons (effect size 0.27), while [Huang2025] showed computationally that SST neurons mediate feature-specific dendritic inhibition under expected conditions. Stimulus-specific adaptation in auditory cortex fur...”
[Natan2017] paper:paper-542ae9c3435e “The relationship between feature selectivity and prediction has emerged as a separate axis. [Furutachi2024] showed that violating predictions preferentially boosts responses of the most selective layer 2/3 V1 neurons (effect size 0.27), while [Huang2025] showed computationally that SST neurons mediate feature-specific dendritic inhibition under expected conditions. Stimulus-specific adaptation in auditory cortex fur...”
[Mehra2022] paper:paper-da305733f55a “The relationship between feature selectivity and prediction has emerged as a separate axis. [Furutachi2024] showed that violating predictions preferentially boosts responses of the most selective layer 2/3 V1 neurons (effect size 0.27), while [Huang2025] showed computationally that SST neurons mediate feature-specific dendritic inhibition under expected conditions. Stimulus-specific adaptation in auditory cortex fur...”
[Bastos2023] paper:paper-45d83bfad56d “The relationship between feature selectivity and prediction has emerged as a separate axis. [Furutachi2024] showed that violating predictions preferentially boosts responses of the most selective layer 2/3 V1 neurons (effect size 0.27), while [Huang2025] showed computationally that SST neurons mediate feature-specific dendritic inhibition under expected conditions. Stimulus-specific adaptation in auditory cortex fur...”
[Li2018] paper:paper-c4c3b5d93d63 “Surround suppression—the reduction of neural responses when stimuli extend beyond the classical receptive field—has been attributed primarily to SST interneurons. [Li2018] provided direct evidence in mouse V1 showing that surround modulation operates through an SST-dependent mechanism, a finding independently supported by [Vaiceliunaite2013] who showed that many V1 neurons are suppressed by stimuli surrounding their...”
[Vaiceliunaite2013] paper:paper-787cc253fc46 “Surround suppression—the reduction of neural responses when stimuli extend beyond the classical receptive field—has been attributed primarily to SST interneurons. [Li2018] provided direct evidence in mouse V1 showing that surround modulation operates through an SST-dependent mechanism, a finding independently supported by [Vaiceliunaite2013] who showed that many V1 neurons are suppressed by stimuli surrounding their...”
[Lakunina2020] paper:paper-a98060d4d03f “Surround suppression—the reduction of neural responses when stimuli extend beyond the classical receptive field—has been attributed primarily to SST interneurons. [Li2018] provided direct evidence in mouse V1 showing that surround modulation operates through an SST-dependent mechanism, a finding independently supported by [Vaiceliunaite2013] who showed that many V1 neurons are suppressed by stimuli surrounding their...”
[Lakunina2022] paper:paper-04df794fdf83 “Surround suppression—the reduction of neural responses when stimuli extend beyond the classical receptive field—has been attributed primarily to SST interneurons. [Li2018] provided direct evidence in mouse V1 showing that surround modulation operates through an SST-dependent mechanism, a finding independently supported by [Vaiceliunaite2013] who showed that many V1 neurons are suppressed by stimuli surrounding their...”
[Park2020b] paper:paper-72a15d353d01 “Surround suppression—the reduction of neural responses when stimuli extend beyond the classical receptive field—has been attributed primarily to SST interneurons. [Li2018] provided direct evidence in mouse V1 showing that surround modulation operates through an SST-dependent mechanism, a finding independently supported by [Vaiceliunaite2013] who showed that many V1 neurons are suppressed by stimuli surrounding their...”
[Shen2022] paper:paper-6916ebf22926 “Surround suppression—the reduction of neural responses when stimuli extend beyond the classical receptive field—has been attributed primarily to SST interneurons. [Li2018] provided direct evidence in mouse V1 showing that surround modulation operates through an SST-dependent mechanism, a finding independently supported by [Vaiceliunaite2013] who showed that many V1 neurons are suppressed by stimuli surrounding their...”

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