The Species Translation Problem: From Mouse Rules to Mammalian Principles
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1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference The cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex 1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 3CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference.
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2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference The cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex 1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 3CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference.
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3CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference The cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex 1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 3CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference.
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1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference This conservation of molecular identity is, however, accompanied by substantial divergence in proportions, subtypes, and cellular complexity. Human cortex contains a substantially higher proportion of GABAergic interneurons than mouse—with estimates ranging from 20–30% in human versus 15–20% in mouse, depending on cortical region and quantification method 1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 4CitationThis conservation of molecular identity is, however, accompanied by substantial divergence in proportions, subtypes, and cellular complexity. Human cortex contains a substantially higher proportion of GABAergic interneurons than mouse—with estimates ranging from 20–30\% in human versus 15–20\% in mouse, depending on cortical region and quantification method [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Takacs2025],content/11_species_translation.md:line 5Open reference,
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2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference This conservation of molecular identity is, however, accompanied by substantial divergence in proportions, subtypes, and cellular complexity. Human cortex contains a substantially higher proportion of GABAergic interneurons than mouse—with estimates ranging from 20–30% in human versus 15–20% in mouse, depending on cortical region and quantification method 1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 4CitationThis conservation of molecular identity is, however, accompanied by substantial divergence in proportions, subtypes, and cellular complexity. Human cortex contains a substantially higher proportion of GABAergic interneurons than mouse—with estimates ranging from 20–30\% in human versus 15–20\% in mouse, depending on cortical region and quantification method [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Takacs2025],content/11_species_translation.md:line 5Open reference,
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1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 3CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference0 This conservation of molecular identity is, however, accompanied by substantial divergence in proportions, subtypes, and cellular complexity. Human cortex contains a substantially higher proportion of GABAergic interneurons than mouse—with estimates ranging from 20–30% in human versus 15–20% in mouse, depending on cortical region and quantification method 1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 3CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference1,
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1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 3CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference2 primate-enriched and potentially primate-specific subtypes have been identified 1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 3CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference3,
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1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 3CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference4 primate-enriched and potentially primate-specific subtypes have been identified 1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 3CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference5,
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1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 3CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference6 and human interneurons display greater dendritic complexity and distinct electrophysiological signatures compared to their mouse counterparts 1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 3CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference7.
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1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 3CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference8 Cross-species single-cell transcriptomic studies have provided the most systematic framework for comparing interneuron diversity across mammals. 1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 3CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference9
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2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference0 The BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Network extended this comparison across motor cortex in human, marmoset, and mouse, establishing that transcriptomic cell types are broadly conserved across primates and rodents but that species-specific expression patterns emerge at the subtype level 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference1.
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2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference2 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference3
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2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference4 specifically examined innovations in the primate interneuron repertoire, identifying primate-enriched subtypes that lack clear mouse homologues. Human neocortical expansion involves glutamatergic neuron diversification that is accompanied by parallel diversification of inhibitory populations 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference5.
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2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference6 Mouse and human share conserved transcriptional programs for interneuron development, though the temporal dynamics of these programs are substantially protracted in humans 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference7.
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2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference8 Cross-species transcriptomics has been extended beyond the traditional mouse–human comparison, revealing deep evolutionary conservation alongside lineage-specific innovations. Single-cell transcriptomics across amniote pallium reveals neuronal similarities and heterogeneity that predate the mammalian radiation, suggesting that the basic interneuron classes have deep evolutionary origins [Fu-Bao-Qian2025, Corrigan202...
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2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference9 Cross-species transcriptomics has been extended beyond the traditional mouse–human comparison, revealing deep evolutionary conservation alongside lineage-specific innovations. Single-cell transcriptomics across amniote pallium reveals neuronal similarities and heterogeneity that predate the mammalian radiation, suggesting that the basic interneuron classes have deep evolutionary origins [Fu-Bao-Qian2025, Corrigan202...
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1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 3CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference0 Comparative transcriptomics between metatherian and eutherian mammals reveals differences in cortical cell type organization, indicating that the interneuron complement has continued to diversify since the marsupial–placental split 1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 3CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference1.
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1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 3CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference2 The mouse Pax6 interneuron subclass has been transcriptomically reassigned through cross-species analysis, demonstrating that some apparent species differences reflect misclassification rather than genuine biological divergence 1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 3CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference3.
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1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 3CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference4 These transcriptomic studies collectively establish that cardinal interneuron classes are conserved across mammals
{numref}fig-sec11-species-conservation, but that species divergence increases progressively at finer taxonomic resolution—from subclass (highly conserved) to supertype (largely conserved) to type (substantial divergence, with species-specific and species-enriched populations) [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, K... -
1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 3CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference5 These transcriptomic studies collectively establish that cardinal interneuron classes are conserved across mammals
{numref}fig-sec11-species-conservation, but that species divergence increases progressively at finer taxonomic resolution—from subclass (highly conserved) to supertype (largely conserved) to type (substantial divergence, with species-specific and species-enriched populations) [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, K... -
1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 3CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference6 These transcriptomic studies collectively establish that cardinal interneuron classes are conserved across mammals
{numref}fig-sec11-species-conservation, but that species divergence increases progressively at finer taxonomic resolution—from subclass (highly conserved) to supertype (largely conserved) to type (substantial divergence, with species-specific and species-enriched populations) [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, K... -
1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 3CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference7 These transcriptomic studies collectively establish that cardinal interneuron classes are conserved across mammals
{numref}fig-sec11-species-conservation, but that species divergence increases progressively at finer taxonomic resolution—from subclass (highly conserved) to supertype (largely conserved) to type (substantial divergence, with species-specific and species-enriched populations) [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, K... -
1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 3CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference8 These transcriptomic studies collectively establish that cardinal interneuron classes are conserved across mammals
{numref}fig-sec11-species-conservation, but that species divergence increases progressively at finer taxonomic resolution—from subclass (highly conserved) to supertype (largely conserved) to type (substantial divergence, with species-specific and species-enriched populations) [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, K... -
1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 3CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference9 The identification of rosehip cells—compact interneurons with dense local axonal arbors and a distinctive transcriptomic profile—in human cortex 3CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference0
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3CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference1 raised the provocative possibility that some human interneuron types have no rodent equivalent. The initial report identified rosehip cells in human layer 1 and reported their absence in mouse, based on both morphological and transcriptomic criteria. Subsequent large-scale transcriptomic surveys confirmed that the rosehip transcriptomic profile is enriched in primate cortex 3CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference2,
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3CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference3 raised the provocative possibility that some human interneuron types have no rodent equivalent. The initial report identified rosehip cells in human layer 1 and reported their absence in mouse, based on both morphological and transcriptomic criteria. Subsequent large-scale transcriptomic surveys confirmed that the rosehip transcriptomic profile is enriched in primate cortex 3CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference4,
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3CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference5 Signature morphoelectric properties of diverse GABAergic interneurons have been characterized in the human neocortex, revealing that human interneurons display greater electrophysiological diversity than predicted from mouse data alone 3CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference6.
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3CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference7 Double bouquet cells—vertically oriented interneurons with descending axonal bundles traversing multiple cortical layers—are prominent in primate cortex but have been reported absent in rodents, a claim with a long history in comparative neuroanatomy 3CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference8.
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3CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference9 These cells are abundant in monkey and human visual and association cortex, where their vertical axonal architecture could contribute to columnar processing—a feature more prominent in primate than rodent cortex. 1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 3CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference0
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1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 3CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference1 provided early evidence that calretinin-expressing bipolar and bitufted neurons in rodent cortex, while present, lack the characteristic descending axonal bundles that define the double bouquet morphology in primates, supporting the view that double bouquet cells represent a genuine primate specialization. In contrast, large-scale transcriptomic classification of cortical cell types by 1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 3CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference2
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1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 3CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference3 identified mouse transcriptomic clusters that map to the same molecular identity as primate double bouquet cells, suggesting that the underlying cell type is conserved but that the distinctive vertically oriented morphology is a primate-specific elaboration of a shared transcriptomic class. The transcriptomic identity of double bouquet cells maps to a VIP/calretinin-expressing cluster that is present but morphologic...
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1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 3CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference4 Developmental dynamics further highlight primate-specific features. 1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 3CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference5
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1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 3CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference6 examined the developmental dynamics of marmoset prefrontal cortex SST and PV interneuron networks, revealing primate-specific features in developmental timing and proportions. The ratio of PV to SST interneurons in marmoset prefrontal cortex differs from that in mouse, with PV cells representing approximately 20% of the interneuron population—a proportion distinct from both mouse (where PV predominates) and the rou...
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1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 3CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference7 suggesting that while some developmental mechanisms are conserved, the populations they act upon differ between species. Conservation and alteration of mammalian striatal interneurons has been documented across species, extending the species comparison beyond cortex 1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 3CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference8.
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1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 3CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference9 The observation that human cortex contains a markedly higher proportion of interneurons than mouse cortex—a difference consistently observed across studies but whose precise magnitude varies with region and methodology 1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference0
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1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference1 The observation that human cortex contains a markedly higher proportion of interneurons than mouse cortex—a difference consistently observed across studies but whose precise magnitude varies with region and methodology 1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference2
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1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference3 The observation that human cortex contains a markedly higher proportion of interneurons than mouse cortex—a difference consistently observed across studies but whose precise magnitude varies with region and methodology 1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference4
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1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference5 The absolute number of GABAergic interneurons and synapses in the human hippocampus has been quantified, revealing that PV, SST, and calretinin-expressing populations together account for approximately 14% of the total neuron number 1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference6.
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1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference7 Synaptic targets and cellular sources of CB1 cannabinoid receptor and vesicular glutamate transporter-3 expressing terminals have been characterized in relation to GABAergic neurons in human cerebral cortex, demonstrating that the neuromodulatory architecture surrounding human interneurons is more complex than mouse 1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference8.
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1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference9 The molecular architecture of the primate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex reveals expanded interneuron diversity that may support the more elaborate recurrent processing characteristic of primate association cortex 1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 4CitationThis conservation of molecular identity is, however, accompanied by substantial divergence in proportions, subtypes, and cellular complexity. Human cortex contains a substantially higher proportion of GABAergic interneurons than mouse—with estimates ranging from 20–30\% in human versus 15–20\% in mouse, depending on cortical region and quantification method [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Takacs2025],content/11_species_translation.md:line 5Open reference0.
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1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 4CitationThis conservation of molecular identity is, however, accompanied by substantial divergence in proportions, subtypes, and cellular complexity. Human cortex contains a substantially higher proportion of GABAergic interneurons than mouse—with estimates ranging from 20–30\% in human versus 15–20\% in mouse, depending on cortical region and quantification method [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Takacs2025],content/11_species_translation.md:line 5Open reference1 The PV/SST ratio is increased in Pten mutant mice and by human PTEN ASD alleles, demonstrating that genetic variants associated with human neurodevelopmental disorders alter interneuron proportions in ways that are partially conserved across species 1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 4CitationThis conservation of molecular identity is, however, accompanied by substantial divergence in proportions, subtypes, and cellular complexity. Human cortex contains a substantially higher proportion of GABAergic interneurons than mouse—with estimates ranging from 20–30\% in human versus 15–20\% in mouse, depending on cortical region and quantification method [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Takacs2025],content/11_species_translation.md:line 5Open reference2.
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1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 4CitationThis conservation of molecular identity is, however, accompanied by substantial divergence in proportions, subtypes, and cellular complexity. Human cortex contains a substantially higher proportion of GABAergic interneurons than mouse—with estimates ranging from 20–30\% in human versus 15–20\% in mouse, depending on cortical region and quantification method [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Takacs2025],content/11_species_translation.md:line 5Open reference3 PV and chandelier interneuron alterations have been documented in autism and other psychiatric disorders, providing additional evidence that interneuron dysfunction spans diagnostic categories 1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 4CitationThis conservation of molecular identity is, however, accompanied by substantial divergence in proportions, subtypes, and cellular complexity. Human cortex contains a substantially higher proportion of GABAergic interneurons than mouse—with estimates ranging from 20–30\% in human versus 15–20\% in mouse, depending on cortical region and quantification method [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Takacs2025],content/11_species_translation.md:line 5Open reference4.
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1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 4CitationThis conservation of molecular identity is, however, accompanied by substantial divergence in proportions, subtypes, and cellular complexity. Human cortex contains a substantially higher proportion of GABAergic interneurons than mouse—with estimates ranging from 20–30\% in human versus 15–20\% in mouse, depending on cortical region and quantification method [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Takacs2025],content/11_species_translation.md:line 5Open reference5 Region-specific alterations of PNN expression in postmortem autism brain tissue parallel the schizophrenia findings but with distinct regional patterns 1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 4CitationThis conservation of molecular identity is, however, accompanied by substantial divergence in proportions, subtypes, and cellular complexity. Human cortex contains a substantially higher proportion of GABAergic interneurons than mouse—with estimates ranging from 20–30\% in human versus 15–20\% in mouse, depending on cortical region and quantification method [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Takacs2025],content/11_species_translation.md:line 5Open reference6.
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1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 4CitationThis conservation of molecular identity is, however, accompanied by substantial divergence in proportions, subtypes, and cellular complexity. Human cortex contains a substantially higher proportion of GABAergic interneurons than mouse—with estimates ranging from 20–30\% in human versus 15–20\% in mouse, depending on cortical region and quantification method [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Takacs2025],content/11_species_translation.md:line 5Open reference7 Structural maturation of PNNs and their perforating synapses follows conserved principles visible in superresolution imaging 1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 4CitationThis conservation of molecular identity is, however, accompanied by substantial divergence in proportions, subtypes, and cellular complexity. Human cortex contains a substantially higher proportion of GABAergic interneurons than mouse—with estimates ranging from 20–30\% in human versus 15–20\% in mouse, depending on cortical region and quantification method [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Takacs2025],content/11_species_translation.md:line 5Open reference8,
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1CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference, 4CitationThis conservation of molecular identity is, however, accompanied by substantial divergence in proportions, subtypes, and cellular complexity. Human cortex contains a substantially higher proportion of GABAergic interneurons than mouse—with estimates ranging from 20–30\% in human versus 15–20\% in mouse, depending on cortical region and quantification method [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Takacs2025],content/11_species_translation.md:line 5Open reference9 This finding illustrates both the utility and the limitation of mouse models for human disease: the molecular pathway is conserved, but whether the functional consequences of altered proportions are equivalent in a circuit with a substantially higher interneuron fraction is unknown. Transcriptomic diversity of amygdalar subdivisions across humans and nonhuman primates reveals parallel species differences in subcorti...
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2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference0 The most consequential species difference may be not in what cells are present but in what we know about how they function. The detailed functional characterization of interneuron types reviewed in Sections 4–9—including gain control operations (Section 8), oscillatory contributions (Section 9), and synaptic connectivity rules (Section 4)—derives almost entirely from mouse experiments 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference1.
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2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference2 The most consequential species difference may be not in what cells are present but in what we know about how they function. The detailed functional characterization of interneuron types reviewed in Sections 4–9—including gain control operations (Section 8), oscillatory contributions (Section 9), and synaptic connectivity rules (Section 4)—derives almost entirely from mouse experiments 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference3.
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2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference4 Optogenetics, two-photon imaging, and cell-type-specific electrophysiology are largely unavailable for primate and human studies, creating an asymmetry in functional knowledge that pervades the field
{numref}fig-sec11-translation-gap. The morphoelectric properties characterized in human neurosurgical tissue 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference5 -
2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference6 Human interneuron electrophysiology has been characterized using neurosurgical tissue, revealing both conservation and divergence. 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference7
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2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference8 Cross-species conservation in the regulation of PV by PNNs has been documented, suggesting that at least some aspects of the developmental framework described in Section 10 transfer across species 2CitationThe cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].content/11_species_translation.md:line 4Open reference9.
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... 63 additional anchors in refs_json
References
- [Hodge2019] “The cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].”
- [Bakken2022] “The cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].”
- [Krienen2020] “The cardinal interneuron classes—PV, SST, VIP, Lamp5, and Sncg—are conserved across mammalian species, a finding established through large-scale cross-species transcriptomic profiling of mouse, marmoset, macaque, and human cortex [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Krienen2020].”
- [Takacs2025] “This conservation of molecular identity is, however, accompanied by substantial divergence in proportions, subtypes, and cellular complexity. Human cortex contains a substantially higher proportion of GABAergic interneurons than mouse—with estimates ranging from 20–30\% in human versus 15–20\% in mouse, depending on cortical region and quantification method [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, Takacs2025],”
- [Boldog2017] “primate-enriched and potentially primate-specific subtypes have been identified [Boldog2017, Krienen2020],”
- [Lee2023a] “and human interneurons display greater dendritic complexity and distinct electrophysiological signatures compared to their mouse counterparts [Lee2023a].”
- [Berg2022] “specifically examined innovations in the primate interneuron repertoire, identifying primate-enriched subtypes that lack clear mouse homologues. Human neocortical expansion involves glutamatergic neuron diversification that is accompanied by parallel diversification of inhibitory populations [Berg2022].”
- [Shi2021] “Mouse and human share conserved transcriptional programs for interneuron development, though the temporal dynamics of these programs are substantially protracted in humans [Shi2021].”
- [Fu-Bao-Qian2025] “Cross-species transcriptomics has been extended beyond the traditional mouse–human comparison, revealing deep evolutionary conservation alongside lineage-specific innovations. Single-cell transcriptomics across amniote pallium reveals neuronal similarities and heterogeneity that predate the mammalian radiation, suggesting that the basic interneuron classes have deep evolutionary origins [Fu-Bao-Qian2025, Corrigan202...”
- [Corrigan2025] “Cross-species transcriptomics has been extended beyond the traditional mouse–human comparison, revealing deep evolutionary conservation alongside lineage-specific innovations. Single-cell transcriptomics across amniote pallium reveals neuronal similarities and heterogeneity that predate the mammalian radiation, suggesting that the basic interneuron classes have deep evolutionary origins [Fu-Bao-Qian2025, Corrigan202...”
- [Gorzek2025] “Comparative transcriptomics between metatherian and eutherian mammals reveals differences in cortical cell type organization, indicating that the interneuron complement has continued to diversify since the marsupial–placental split [Gorzek2025].”
- [Werner2025] “The mouse Pax6 interneuron subclass has been transcriptomically reassigned through cross-species analysis, demonstrating that some apparent species differences reflect misclassification rather than genuine biological divergence [Werner2025].”
- [Ma2022] “These transcriptomic studies collectively establish that cardinal interneuron classes are conserved across mammals {numref}`fig-sec11-species-conservation`, but that species divergence increases progressively at finer taxonomic resolution—from subclass (highly conserved) to supertype (largely conserved) to type (substantial divergence, with species-specific and species-enriched populations) [Hodge2019, Bakken2022, K...”
- [Unknown2006] “Double bouquet cells—vertically oriented interneurons with descending axonal bundles traversing multiple cortical layers—are prominent in primate cortex but have been reported absent in rodents, a claim with a long history in comparative neuroanatomy [Unknown2006].”
- [Pesold1999] “These cells are abundant in monkey and human visual and association cortex, where their vertical axonal architecture could contribute to columnar processing—a feature more prominent in primate than rodent cortex. [Pesold1999]”
- [Yao2021] “provided early evidence that calretinin-expressing bipolar and bitufted neurons in rodent cortex, while present, lack the characteristic descending axonal bundles that define the double bouquet morphology in primates, supporting the view that double bouquet cells represent a genuine primate specialization. In contrast, large-scale transcriptomic classification of cortical cell types by [Yao2021]”
- [HosseiniFin2025] “Developmental dynamics further highlight primate-specific features. [HosseiniFin2025]”
- [Szrinivasan2025] “examined the developmental dynamics of marmoset prefrontal cortex SST and PV interneuron networks, revealing primate-specific features in developmental timing and proportions. The ratio of PV to SST interneurons in marmoset prefrontal cortex differs from that in mouse, with PV cells representing approximately 20\% of the interneuron population—a proportion distinct from both mouse (where PV predominates) and the rou...”
- [Somogyi2025] “Synaptic targets and cellular sources of CB1 cannabinoid receptor and vesicular glutamate transporter-3 expressing terminals have been characterized in relation to GABAergic neurons in human cerebral cortex, demonstrating that the neuromodulatory architecture surrounding human interneurons is more complex than mouse [Somogyi2025].”
- [Vogt2015] “The PV/SST ratio is increased in Pten mutant mice and by human PTEN ASD alleles, demonstrating that genetic variants associated with human neurodevelopmental disorders alter interneuron proportions in ways that are partially conserved across species [Vogt2015].”
- [Juarez2022] “PV and chandelier interneuron alterations have been documented in autism and other psychiatric disorders, providing additional evidence that interneuron dysfunction spans diagnostic categories [Juarez2022].”
- [Brandenburg2022] “Region-specific alterations of PNN expression in postmortem autism brain tissue parallel the schizophrenia findings but with distinct regional patterns [Brandenburg2022].”
- [Sigal2019] “Structural maturation of PNNs and their perforating synapses follows conserved principles visible in superresolution imaging [Sigal2019],”
- [Totty2025] “This finding illustrates both the utility and the limitation of mouse models for human disease: the molecular pathway is conserved, but whether the functional consequences of altered proportions are equivalent in a circuit with a substantially higher interneuron fraction is unknown. Transcriptomic diversity of amygdalar subdivisions across humans and nonhuman primates reveals parallel species differences in subcorti...”
- [Wang2023] “Cross-species conservation in the regulation of PV by PNNs has been documented, suggesting that at least some aspects of the developmental framework described in Section 10 transfer across species [Wang2023].”
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