Introduction: The Case for Astrocytes in Cortical Computation

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^{1Citationpaper:paper-4c0b69613ffbCortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference} Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-ce3a5d95fe3bCortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference} Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-05bd7b9585c9Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference} Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...
^{4Citationpaper:paper-bd699ea0aec5Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference} Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...
^{5Citationpaper:paper-4b9af35012f0Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference} Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...
^{6Citationpaper:paper-883c8368100cCortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference} Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...
^{7Citationpaper:paper-54c454be2778Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference} Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...
^{8Citationpaper:paper-72db15610560Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference} Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...
^{9Citationpaper:paper-56381b620993Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference} Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...
^{10Citationpaper:paper-60ff336af3f0Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference} Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-ce3a5d95fe3bCortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference}0 Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-ce3a5d95fe3bCortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference}1 Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-ce3a5d95fe3bCortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference}2 Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-ce3a5d95fe3bCortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference}3 The motivation for asking the question now, rather than earlier, is evidentiary. For most of the 2000s and 2010s, the astrocyte literature was organised around a small number of highly visible claims — vesicular release of glutamate onto adjacent neurons, a stimulus-locked astrocytic calcium code mirroring neuronal activity, a dominant astrocyte-to-neuron lactate shuttle during activity — each of which has since bee...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-ce3a5d95fe3bCortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference}4 The motivation for asking the question now, rather than earlier, is evidentiary. For most of the 2000s and 2010s, the astrocyte literature was organised around a small number of highly visible claims — vesicular release of glutamate onto adjacent neurons, a stimulus-locked astrocytic calcium code mirroring neuronal activity, a dominant astrocyte-to-neuron lactate shuttle during activity — each of which has since bee...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-ce3a5d95fe3bCortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference}5 The motivation for asking the question now, rather than earlier, is evidentiary. For most of the 2000s and 2010s, the astrocyte literature was organised around a small number of highly visible claims — vesicular release of glutamate onto adjacent neurons, a stimulus-locked astrocytic calcium code mirroring neuronal activity, a dominant astrocyte-to-neuron lactate shuttle during activity — each of which has since bee...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-ce3a5d95fe3bCortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference}6 The motivation for asking the question now, rather than earlier, is evidentiary. For most of the 2000s and 2010s, the astrocyte literature was organised around a small number of highly visible claims — vesicular release of glutamate onto adjacent neurons, a stimulus-locked astrocytic calcium code mirroring neuronal activity, a dominant astrocyte-to-neuron lactate shuttle during activity — each of which has since bee...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-ce3a5d95fe3bCortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference}7 The motivation for asking the question now, rather than earlier, is evidentiary. For most of the 2000s and 2010s, the astrocyte literature was organised around a small number of highly visible claims — vesicular release of glutamate onto adjacent neurons, a stimulus-locked astrocytic calcium code mirroring neuronal activity, a dominant astrocyte-to-neuron lactate shuttle during activity — each of which has since bee...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-ce3a5d95fe3bCortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference}8 The motivation for asking the question now, rather than earlier, is evidentiary. For most of the 2000s and 2010s, the astrocyte literature was organised around a small number of highly visible claims — vesicular release of glutamate onto adjacent neurons, a stimulus-locked astrocytic calcium code mirroring neuronal activity, a dominant astrocyte-to-neuron lactate shuttle during activity — each of which has since bee...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-ce3a5d95fe3bCortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference}9 The motivation for asking the question now, rather than earlier, is evidentiary. For most of the 2000s and 2010s, the astrocyte literature was organised around a small number of highly visible claims — vesicular release of glutamate onto adjacent neurons, a stimulus-locked astrocytic calcium code mirroring neuronal activity, a dominant astrocyte-to-neuron lactate shuttle during activity — each of which has since bee...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-05bd7b9585c9Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference}0 The motivation for asking the question now, rather than earlier, is evidentiary. For most of the 2000s and 2010s, the astrocyte literature was organised around a small number of highly visible claims — vesicular release of glutamate onto adjacent neurons, a stimulus-locked astrocytic calcium code mirroring neuronal activity, a dominant astrocyte-to-neuron lactate shuttle during activity — each of which has since bee...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-05bd7b9585c9Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference}1 The motivation for asking the question now, rather than earlier, is evidentiary. For most of the 2000s and 2010s, the astrocyte literature was organised around a small number of highly visible claims — vesicular release of glutamate onto adjacent neurons, a stimulus-locked astrocytic calcium code mirroring neuronal activity, a dominant astrocyte-to-neuron lactate shuttle during activity — each of which has since bee...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-05bd7b9585c9Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference}2 The motivation for asking the question now, rather than earlier, is evidentiary. For most of the 2000s and 2010s, the astrocyte literature was organised around a small number of highly visible claims — vesicular release of glutamate onto adjacent neurons, a stimulus-locked astrocytic calcium code mirroring neuronal activity, a dominant astrocyte-to-neuron lactate shuttle during activity — each of which has since bee...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-05bd7b9585c9Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference}3 The motivation for asking the question now, rather than earlier, is evidentiary. For most of the 2000s and 2010s, the astrocyte literature was organised around a small number of highly visible claims — vesicular release of glutamate onto adjacent neurons, a stimulus-locked astrocytic calcium code mirroring neuronal activity, a dominant astrocyte-to-neuron lactate shuttle during activity — each of which has since bee...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-05bd7b9585c9Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference}4 The motivation for asking the question now, rather than earlier, is evidentiary. For most of the 2000s and 2010s, the astrocyte literature was organised around a small number of highly visible claims — vesicular release of glutamate onto adjacent neurons, a stimulus-locked astrocytic calcium code mirroring neuronal activity, a dominant astrocyte-to-neuron lactate shuttle during activity — each of which has since bee...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-05bd7b9585c9Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference}5 The motivation for asking the question now, rather than earlier, is evidentiary. For most of the 2000s and 2010s, the astrocyte literature was organised around a small number of highly visible claims — vesicular release of glutamate onto adjacent neurons, a stimulus-locked astrocytic calcium code mirroring neuronal activity, a dominant astrocyte-to-neuron lactate shuttle during activity — each of which has since bee...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-05bd7b9585c9Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference}6 A second motivation is conceptual. The instinct that astrocytes participate in computation has to be made precise before it can be tested. “Computation” in cortical-neuroscience usage conventionally denotes the transformation of input signals into output signals along axes — gain, timing, selectivity, memory — that are measurable in spikes or in the population codes they support. Astrocytes operate on timescales fro...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-05bd7b9585c9Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference}7 A second motivation is conceptual. The instinct that astrocytes participate in computation has to be made precise before it can be tested. “Computation” in cortical-neuroscience usage conventionally denotes the transformation of input signals into output signals along axes — gain, timing, selectivity, memory — that are measurable in spikes or in the population codes they support. Astrocytes operate on timescales fro...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-05bd7b9585c9Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference}8 A second motivation is conceptual. The instinct that astrocytes participate in computation has to be made precise before it can be tested. “Computation” in cortical-neuroscience usage conventionally denotes the transformation of input signals into output signals along axes — gain, timing, selectivity, memory — that are measurable in spikes or in the population codes they support. Astrocytes operate on timescales fro...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-05bd7b9585c9Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference}9 A second motivation is conceptual. The instinct that astrocytes participate in computation has to be made precise before it can be tested. “Computation” in cortical-neuroscience usage conventionally denotes the transformation of input signals into output signals along axes — gain, timing, selectivity, memory — that are measurable in spikes or in the population codes they support. Astrocytes operate on timescales fro...
^{4Citationpaper:paper-bd699ea0aec5Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference}0 A second motivation is conceptual. The instinct that astrocytes participate in computation has to be made precise before it can be tested. “Computation” in cortical-neuroscience usage conventionally denotes the transformation of input signals into output signals along axes — gain, timing, selectivity, memory — that are measurable in spikes or in the population codes they support. Astrocytes operate on timescales fro...
^{4Citationpaper:paper-bd699ea0aec5Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference}1 The present review is organised to do exactly that. Section {ref}sec:identity-diversity fixes the cell-biology substrate: how many cortical astrocyte subtypes are there, along which axes do they vary, and how much of the disagreement in the literature is methodological versus biological. Section {ref}sec:calcium-signaling then decomposes “astrocyte calcium” into the three compartments — somatic/branch, perisynap...
^{4Citationpaper:paper-bd699ea0aec5Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference}2 The present review is organised to do exactly that. Section {ref}sec:identity-diversity fixes the cell-biology substrate: how many cortical astrocyte subtypes are there, along which axes do they vary, and how much of the disagreement in the literature is methodological versus biological. Section {ref}sec:calcium-signaling then decomposes “astrocyte calcium” into the three compartments — somatic/branch, perisynap...
^{4Citationpaper:paper-bd699ea0aec5Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference}3 The present review is organised to do exactly that. Section {ref}sec:identity-diversity fixes the cell-biology substrate: how many cortical astrocyte subtypes are there, along which axes do they vary, and how much of the disagreement in the literature is methodological versus biological. Section {ref}sec:calcium-signaling then decomposes “astrocyte calcium” into the three compartments — somatic/branch, perisynap...
^{4Citationpaper:paper-bd699ea0aec5Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference}4 The present review is organised to do exactly that. Section {ref}sec:identity-diversity fixes the cell-biology substrate: how many cortical astrocyte subtypes are there, along which axes do they vary, and how much of the disagreement in the literature is methodological versus biological. Section {ref}sec:calcium-signaling then decomposes “astrocyte calcium” into the three compartments — somatic/branch, perisynap...
^{4Citationpaper:paper-bd699ea0aec5Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference}5 The present review is organised to do exactly that. Section {ref}sec:identity-diversity fixes the cell-biology substrate: how many cortical astrocyte subtypes are there, along which axes do they vary, and how much of the disagreement in the literature is methodological versus biological. Section {ref}sec:calcium-signaling then decomposes “astrocyte calcium” into the three compartments — somatic/branch, perisynap...
^{4Citationpaper:paper-bd699ea0aec5Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference}6 The present review is organised to do exactly that. Section {ref}sec:identity-diversity fixes the cell-biology substrate: how many cortical astrocyte subtypes are there, along which axes do they vary, and how much of the disagreement in the literature is methodological versus biological. Section {ref}sec:calcium-signaling then decomposes “astrocyte calcium” into the three compartments — somatic/branch, perisynap...
^{4Citationpaper:paper-bd699ea0aec5Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference}7 The present review is organised to do exactly that. Section {ref}sec:identity-diversity fixes the cell-biology substrate: how many cortical astrocyte subtypes are there, along which axes do they vary, and how much of the disagreement in the literature is methodological versus biological. Section {ref}sec:calcium-signaling then decomposes “astrocyte calcium” into the three compartments — somatic/branch, perisynap...
^{4Citationpaper:paper-bd699ea0aec5Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference}8 The present review is organised to do exactly that. Section {ref}sec:identity-diversity fixes the cell-biology substrate: how many cortical astrocyte subtypes are there, along which axes do they vary, and how much of the disagreement in the literature is methodological versus biological. Section {ref}sec:calcium-signaling then decomposes “astrocyte calcium” into the three compartments — somatic/branch, perisynap...
^{4Citationpaper:paper-bd699ea0aec5Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference}9 The present review is organised to do exactly that. Section {ref}sec:identity-diversity fixes the cell-biology substrate: how many cortical astrocyte subtypes are there, along which axes do they vary, and how much of the disagreement in the literature is methodological versus biological. Section {ref}sec:calcium-signaling then decomposes “astrocyte calcium” into the three compartments — somatic/branch, perisynap...
^{5Citationpaper:paper-4b9af35012f0Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference}0 The present review is organised to do exactly that. Section {ref}sec:identity-diversity fixes the cell-biology substrate: how many cortical astrocyte subtypes are there, along which axes do they vary, and how much of the disagreement in the literature is methodological versus biological. Section {ref}sec:calcium-signaling then decomposes “astrocyte calcium” into the three compartments — somatic/branch, perisynap...
^{5Citationpaper:paper-4b9af35012f0Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference}1 The middle of the review then moves from slice to behaving animal. Section {ref}sec:in-vivo-dynamics reviews what awake, head-fixed two-photon imaging has actually reported about cortical astrocyte calcium during locomotion, arousal, and task engagement, and Section {ref}sec:oscillations asks how those signals interact with the cortical rhythms of sleep, wakefulness, and attention [paukert_2014_neuron, reitman_2...
^{5Citationpaper:paper-4b9af35012f0Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference}2 The middle of the review then moves from slice to behaving animal. Section {ref}sec:in-vivo-dynamics reviews what awake, head-fixed two-photon imaging has actually reported about cortical astrocyte calcium during locomotion, arousal, and task engagement, and Section {ref}sec:oscillations asks how those signals interact with the cortical rhythms of sleep, wakefulness, and attention [paukert_2014_neuron, reitman_2...
^{5Citationpaper:paper-4b9af35012f0Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference}3 The middle of the review then moves from slice to behaving animal. Section {ref}sec:in-vivo-dynamics reviews what awake, head-fixed two-photon imaging has actually reported about cortical astrocyte calcium during locomotion, arousal, and task engagement, and Section {ref}sec:oscillations asks how those signals interact with the cortical rhythms of sleep, wakefulness, and attention [paukert_2014_neuron, reitman_2...
^{5Citationpaper:paper-4b9af35012f0Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference}4 The middle of the review then moves from slice to behaving animal. Section {ref}sec:in-vivo-dynamics reviews what awake, head-fixed two-photon imaging has actually reported about cortical astrocyte calcium during locomotion, arousal, and task engagement, and Section {ref}sec:oscillations asks how those signals interact with the cortical rhythms of sleep, wakefulness, and attention [paukert_2014_neuron, reitman_2...
^{5Citationpaper:paper-4b9af35012f0Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference}5 The middle of the review then moves from slice to behaving animal. Section {ref}sec:in-vivo-dynamics reviews what awake, head-fixed two-photon imaging has actually reported about cortical astrocyte calcium during locomotion, arousal, and task engagement, and Section {ref}sec:oscillations asks how those signals interact with the cortical rhythms of sleep, wakefulness, and attention [paukert_2014_neuron, reitman_2...
^{5Citationpaper:paper-4b9af35012f0Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference}6 The middle of the review then moves from slice to behaving animal. Section {ref}sec:in-vivo-dynamics reviews what awake, head-fixed two-photon imaging has actually reported about cortical astrocyte calcium during locomotion, arousal, and task engagement, and Section {ref}sec:oscillations asks how those signals interact with the cortical rhythms of sleep, wakefulness, and attention [paukert_2014_neuron, reitman_2...
^{5Citationpaper:paper-4b9af35012f0Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference}7 The middle of the review then moves from slice to behaving animal. Section {ref}sec:in-vivo-dynamics reviews what awake, head-fixed two-photon imaging has actually reported about cortical astrocyte calcium during locomotion, arousal, and task engagement, and Section {ref}sec:oscillations asks how those signals interact with the cortical rhythms of sleep, wakefulness, and attention [paukert_2014_neuron, reitman_2...
^{5Citationpaper:paper-4b9af35012f0Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference}8 The middle of the review then moves from slice to behaving animal. Section {ref}sec:in-vivo-dynamics reviews what awake, head-fixed two-photon imaging has actually reported about cortical astrocyte calcium during locomotion, arousal, and task engagement, and Section {ref}sec:oscillations asks how those signals interact with the cortical rhythms of sleep, wakefulness, and attention [paukert_2014_neuron, reitman_2...
^{5Citationpaper:paper-4b9af35012f0Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...content/01_introduction.md:line 4Open reference}9 The middle of the review then moves from slice to behaving animal. Section {ref}sec:in-vivo-dynamics reviews what awake, head-fixed two-photon imaging has actually reported about cortical astrocyte calcium during locomotion, arousal, and task engagement, and Section {ref}sec:oscillations asks how those signals interact with the cortical rhythms of sleep, wakefulness, and attention [paukert_2014_neuron, reitman_2...
... 21 additional anchors in refs_json

References

[araque_2014_neuron] paper:paper-4c0b69613ffb “Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...”
[halassa_2007_trendsmolecular] paper:paper-ce3a5d95fe3b “Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...”
[durkee_2021_trendsneurosciences] paper:paper-05bd7b9585c9 “Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...”
[shigetomi_2013_neuroscience] paper:paper-bd699ea0aec5 “Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...”
[bindocci_2017_science] paper:paper-4b9af35012f0 “Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...”
[srinivasan_2015_natneurosci] paper:paper-883c8368100c “Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...”
[agarwal_2017_neuron] paper:paper-54c454be2778 “Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...”
[kofuji_2021_neuroscience] paper:paper-72db15610560 “Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...”
[nadkarni_2008_ploscomput] paper:paper-56381b620993 “Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...”
[depitta_2016_neuralplasticity] paper:paper-60ff336af3f0 “Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...”
[manninen_2018_frontcomput] paper:paper-d0cb090accd6 “Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...”
[bezerra_2024_ploscomput] paper:paper-b0d4d16b6b56 “Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...”
[jiang_2025_ploscomput] paper:paper-31593cb69c1c “Cortical computation has, for most of its history as a research programme, been modelled as an operation on neurons. The connectivity, biophysics, and plasticity rules that appear in canonical cortical circuit models belong to spiking principal cells and interneurons; glia, when they enter at all, enter as a metabolic substrate or as a source of structural support. Three developments over the past two decades have m...”
[batiuk_2020_natcommun] paper:paper-adc7c61857f7 “The motivation for asking the question now, rather than earlier, is evidentiary. For most of the 2000s and 2010s, the astrocyte literature was organised around a small number of highly visible claims — vesicular release of glutamate onto adjacent neurons, a stimulus-locked astrocytic calcium code mirroring neuronal activity, a dominant astrocyte-to-neuron lactate shuttle during activity — each of which has since bee...”
[bayraktar_2020_natneurosci] paper:paper-6a1ea355aaf8 “The motivation for asking the question now, rather than earlier, is evidentiary. For most of the 2000s and 2010s, the astrocyte literature was organised around a small number of highly visible claims — vesicular release of glutamate onto adjacent neurons, a stimulus-locked astrocytic calcium code mirroring neuronal activity, a dominant astrocyte-to-neuron lactate shuttle during activity — each of which has since bee...”
[hao_2026_cells] paper:paper-9b64af2ffbfc “The motivation for asking the question now, rather than earlier, is evidentiary. For most of the 2000s and 2010s, the astrocyte literature was organised around a small number of highly visible claims — vesicular release of glutamate onto adjacent neurons, a stimulus-locked astrocytic calcium code mirroring neuronal activity, a dominant astrocyte-to-neuron lactate shuttle during activity — each of which has since bee...”
[paukert_2014_neuron] paper:paper-23d7b31898ec “The motivation for asking the question now, rather than earlier, is evidentiary. For most of the 2000s and 2010s, the astrocyte literature was organised around a small number of highly visible claims — vesicular release of glutamate onto adjacent neurons, a stimulus-locked astrocytic calcium code mirroring neuronal activity, a dominant astrocyte-to-neuron lactate shuttle during activity — each of which has since bee...”
[ye_2020_natcommun] paper:paper-c96835af4a7d “The motivation for asking the question now, rather than earlier, is evidentiary. For most of the 2000s and 2010s, the astrocyte literature was organised around a small number of highly visible claims — vesicular release of glutamate onto adjacent neurons, a stimulus-locked astrocytic calcium code mirroring neuronal activity, a dominant astrocyte-to-neuron lactate shuttle during activity — each of which has since bee...”
[reimer_2016_natcommun] paper:paper-b2ddc04345ff “The motivation for asking the question now, rather than earlier, is evidentiary. For most of the 2000s and 2010s, the astrocyte literature was organised around a small number of highly visible claims — vesicular release of glutamate onto adjacent neurons, a stimulus-locked astrocytic calcium code mirroring neuronal activity, a dominant astrocyte-to-neuron lactate shuttle during activity — each of which has since bee...”
[reitman_2023_natneurosci] paper:paper-aa304d547310 “The motivation for asking the question now, rather than earlier, is evidentiary. For most of the 2000s and 2010s, the astrocyte literature was organised around a small number of highly visible claims — vesicular release of glutamate onto adjacent neurons, a stimulus-locked astrocytic calcium code mirroring neuronal activity, a dominant astrocyte-to-neuron lactate shuttle during activity — each of which has since bee...”
[bojarskaite_2020_natcommun] paper:paper-9a1be146dacd “The motivation for asking the question now, rather than earlier, is evidentiary. For most of the 2000s and 2010s, the astrocyte literature was organised around a small number of highly visible claims — vesicular release of glutamate onto adjacent neurons, a stimulus-locked astrocytic calcium code mirroring neuronal activity, a dominant astrocyte-to-neuron lactate shuttle during activity — each of which has since bee...”
[petravicz_2008_jneurosci] paper:paper-778045e57b0f “The motivation for asking the question now, rather than earlier, is evidentiary. For most of the 2000s and 2010s, the astrocyte literature was organised around a small number of highly visible claims — vesicular release of glutamate onto adjacent neurons, a stimulus-locked astrocytic calcium code mirroring neuronal activity, a dominant astrocyte-to-neuron lactate shuttle during activity — each of which has since bee...”
[agulhon_2010_science] paper:paper-b422988f09f8 “The motivation for asking the question now, rather than earlier, is evidentiary. For most of the 2000s and 2010s, the astrocyte literature was organised around a small number of highly visible claims — vesicular release of glutamate onto adjacent neurons, a stimulus-locked astrocytic calcium code mirroring neuronal activity, a dominant astrocyte-to-neuron lactate shuttle during activity — each of which has since bee...”
[petravicz_2014_frontbehav] paper:paper-9c595c660d61 “The motivation for asking the question now, rather than earlier, is evidentiary. For most of the 2000s and 2010s, the astrocyte literature was organised around a small number of highly visible claims — vesicular release of glutamate onto adjacent neurons, a stimulus-locked astrocytic calcium code mirroring neuronal activity, a dominant astrocyte-to-neuron lactate shuttle during activity — each of which has since bee...”
[fiacco_2007_neuron] paper:paper-9f16bd0faa11 “The motivation for asking the question now, rather than earlier, is evidentiary. For most of the 2000s and 2010s, the astrocyte literature was organised around a small number of highly visible claims — vesicular release of glutamate onto adjacent neurons, a stimulus-locked astrocytic calcium code mirroring neuronal activity, a dominant astrocyte-to-neuron lactate shuttle during activity — each of which has since bee...”
[escartin_2021_natneurosci] paper:4e417ba1-8ca9-4066-b80f-30ac62a536e4 “The motivation for asking the question now, rather than earlier, is evidentiary. For most of the 2000s and 2010s, the astrocyte literature was organised around a small number of highly visible claims — vesicular release of glutamate onto adjacent neurons, a stimulus-locked astrocytic calcium code mirroring neuronal activity, a dominant astrocyte-to-neuron lactate shuttle during activity — each of which has since bee...”
[khakh_2015_coldspring] paper:paper-26845329a52f “A second motivation is conceptual. The instinct that astrocytes participate in computation has to be made precise before it can be tested. "Computation" in cortical-neuroscience usage conventionally denotes the transformation of input signals into output signals along axes — gain, timing, selectivity, memory — that are measurable in spikes or in the population codes they support. Astrocytes operate on timescales fro...”
[shigetomi_2016_trendscell] paper:paper-08ed31f14179 “A second motivation is conceptual. The instinct that astrocytes participate in computation has to be made precise before it can be tested. "Computation" in cortical-neuroscience usage conventionally denotes the transformation of input signals into output signals along axes — gain, timing, selectivity, memory — that are measurable in spikes or in the population codes they support. Astrocytes operate on timescales fro...”
[verkhratsky_2018_physiological] paper:paper-2c57c11cf566 “A second motivation is conceptual. The instinct that astrocytes participate in computation has to be made precise before it can be tested. "Computation" in cortical-neuroscience usage conventionally denotes the transformation of input signals into output signals along axes — gain, timing, selectivity, memory — that are measurable in spikes or in the population codes they support. Astrocytes operate on timescales fro...”
[halassa_2010_annurev] paper:paper-5ced9eaa871a “The present review is organised to do exactly that. Section {ref}`sec:identity-diversity` fixes the cell-biology substrate: how many cortical astrocyte subtypes are there, along which axes do they vary, and how much of the disagreement in the literature is methodological versus biological. Section {ref}`sec:calcium-signaling` then decomposes "astrocyte calcium" into the three compartments — somatic/branch, perisynap...”
[savtchouk_2018_jneurosci] paper:paper-930310f9ad4c “The present review is organised to do exactly that. Section {ref}`sec:identity-diversity` fixes the cell-biology substrate: how many cortical astrocyte subtypes are there, along which axes do they vary, and how much of the disagreement in the literature is methodological versus biological. Section {ref}`sec:calcium-signaling` then decomposes "astrocyte calcium" into the three compartments — somatic/branch, perisynap...”
[pellerin_1994_procnatl] paper:paper-75ba3338cfe7 “The present review is organised to do exactly that. Section {ref}`sec:identity-diversity` fixes the cell-biology substrate: how many cortical astrocyte subtypes are there, along which axes do they vary, and how much of the disagreement in the literature is methodological versus biological. Section {ref}`sec:calcium-signaling` then decomposes "astrocyte calcium" into the three compartments — somatic/branch, perisynap...”
[suzuki_2011_cell] paper:paper-1829615f8d75 “The present review is organised to do exactly that. Section {ref}`sec:identity-diversity` fixes the cell-biology substrate: how many cortical astrocyte subtypes are there, along which axes do they vary, and how much of the disagreement in the literature is methodological versus biological. Section {ref}`sec:calcium-signaling` then decomposes "astrocyte calcium" into the three compartments — somatic/branch, perisynap...”
[wallraff_2006_jneurosci] paper:paper-9ebb7ba6c393 “The present review is organised to do exactly that. Section {ref}`sec:identity-diversity` fixes the cell-biology substrate: how many cortical astrocyte subtypes are there, along which axes do they vary, and how much of the disagreement in the literature is methodological versus biological. Section {ref}`sec:calcium-signaling` then decomposes "astrocyte calcium" into the three compartments — somatic/branch, perisynap...”
[pannasch_2011_procnatl] paper:paper-0f527a7c15ed “The present review is organised to do exactly that. Section {ref}`sec:identity-diversity` fixes the cell-biology substrate: how many cortical astrocyte subtypes are there, along which axes do they vary, and how much of the disagreement in the literature is methodological versus biological. Section {ref}`sec:calcium-signaling` then decomposes "astrocyte calcium" into the three compartments — somatic/branch, perisynap...”
[pannasch_2014_natneurosci] paper:paper-c11b37ea96eb “The present review is organised to do exactly that. Section {ref}`sec:identity-diversity` fixes the cell-biology substrate: how many cortical astrocyte subtypes are there, along which axes do they vary, and how much of the disagreement in the literature is methodological versus biological. Section {ref}`sec:calcium-signaling` then decomposes "astrocyte calcium" into the three compartments — somatic/branch, perisynap...”
[henneberger_2010_nature] paper:paper-5525e0e4dcd1 “The present review is organised to do exactly that. Section {ref}`sec:identity-diversity` fixes the cell-biology substrate: how many cortical astrocyte subtypes are there, along which axes do they vary, and how much of the disagreement in the literature is methodological versus biological. Section {ref}`sec:calcium-signaling` then decomposes "astrocyte calcium" into the three compartments — somatic/branch, perisynap...”
[goenaga_2023_frontsynaptic] paper:paper-2ea9ef87bc30 “The present review is organised to do exactly that. Section {ref}`sec:identity-diversity` fixes the cell-biology substrate: how many cortical astrocyte subtypes are there, along which axes do they vary, and how much of the disagreement in the literature is methodological versus biological. Section {ref}`sec:calcium-signaling` then decomposes "astrocyte calcium" into the three compartments — somatic/branch, perisynap...”
[ingiosi_2022_clocksamp] paper:paper-4baefab2ada9 “The middle of the review then moves from slice to behaving animal. Section {ref}`sec:in-vivo-dynamics` reviews what awake, head-fixed two-photon imaging has actually reported about cortical astrocyte calcium during locomotion, arousal, and task engagement, and Section {ref}`sec:oscillations` asks how those signals interact with the cortical rhythms of sleep, wakefulness, and attention [paukert_2014_neuron, reitman_2...”
[poskanzer_2016_procnatl] paper:paper-da0aeffaf2b1 “The middle of the review then moves from slice to behaving animal. Section {ref}`sec:in-vivo-dynamics` reviews what awake, head-fixed two-photon imaging has actually reported about cortical astrocyte calcium during locomotion, arousal, and task engagement, and Section {ref}`sec:oscillations` asks how those signals interact with the cortical rhythms of sleep, wakefulness, and attention [paukert_2014_neuron, reitman_2...”
[khakh_2019_annurevneurosci] paper:paper-9e1d2df5c358 “The middle of the review then moves from slice to behaving animal. Section {ref}`sec:in-vivo-dynamics` reviews what awake, head-fixed two-photon imaging has actually reported about cortical astrocyte calcium during locomotion, arousal, and task engagement, and Section {ref}`sec:oscillations` asks how those signals interact with the cortical rhythms of sleep, wakefulness, and attention [paukert_2014_neuron, reitman_2...”
[chai_2017_neuron] paper:paper-c860b586a738 “The middle of the review then moves from slice to behaving animal. Section {ref}`sec:in-vivo-dynamics` reviews what awake, head-fixed two-photon imaging has actually reported about cortical astrocyte calcium during locomotion, arousal, and task engagement, and Section {ref}`sec:oscillations` asks how those signals interact with the cortical rhythms of sleep, wakefulness, and attention [paukert_2014_neuron, reitman_2...”
[oberheim_2009_jneurosci] paper:paper-76ca66ad8e8e “The middle of the review then moves from slice to behaving animal. Section {ref}`sec:in-vivo-dynamics` reviews what awake, head-fixed two-photon imaging has actually reported about cortical astrocyte calcium during locomotion, arousal, and task engagement, and Section {ref}`sec:oscillations` asks how those signals interact with the cortical rhythms of sleep, wakefulness, and attention [paukert_2014_neuron, reitman_2...”
[falcone_2019_jcomparative] paper:paper-4ed3380941f5 “The middle of the review then moves from slice to behaving animal. Section {ref}`sec:in-vivo-dynamics` reviews what awake, head-fixed two-photon imaging has actually reported about cortical astrocyte calcium during locomotion, arousal, and task engagement, and Section {ref}`sec:oscillations` asks how those signals interact with the cortical rhythms of sleep, wakefulness, and attention [paukert_2014_neuron, reitman_2...”

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