Astrocytic Modulation of Synaptic Transmission

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^{1Citationpaper:paper-79447c102381The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference} The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the “60–90%” figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference} The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the “60–90%” figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference} The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the “60–90%” figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...
^{4Citationpaper:paper-8cf019918a97The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference} The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the “60–90%” figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-79447c102381The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference} Astrocytic coverage of excitatory synapses across regions, aggregated from serial-EM and 3D-EM studies ^{1Citationpaper:paper-79447c102381The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-8cf019918a97The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}. Bar colour indicates metric category; hatching indicates species. Region, species, and the unit counted (spines vs. synapses) differ across entries; values are NOT directly comparable. The Bernardinelli 2014 e...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference} Astrocytic coverage of excitatory synapses across regions, aggregated from serial-EM and 3D-EM studies ^{1Citationpaper:paper-79447c102381The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-8cf019918a97The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}. Bar colour indicates metric category; hatching indicates species. Region, species, and the unit counted (spines vs. synapses) differ across entries; values are NOT directly comparable. The Bernardinelli 2014 e...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference} Astrocytic coverage of excitatory synapses across regions, aggregated from serial-EM and 3D-EM studies ^{1Citationpaper:paper-79447c102381The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-8cf019918a97The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}. Bar colour indicates metric category; hatching indicates species. Region, species, and the unit counted (spines vs. synapses) differ across entries; values are NOT directly comparable. The Bernardinelli 2014 e...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}0 Astrocytic coverage of excitatory synapses across regions, aggregated from serial-EM and 3D-EM studies ^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}1. Bar colour indicates metric category; hatching indicates species. Region, species, and the unit counted (spines vs. synapses) differ across entries; values are NOT directly comparable. The Bernardinelli 2014 e...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}2 The biochemical identity of astrocytic glutamate transport is settled. Three high-affinity, Na $^+$ -dependent transporters—GLAST (EAAT1), GLT-1 (EAAT2), and the neuronal EAAC1—were cloned and characterised in the mid-1990s ^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}3. GLT-1 and GLAST are selectively enriched in astrocytic membranes [rothstein_1994_neuron,lehre_1995_jneurosci,minelli_1995_jneurosci...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}4 The biochemical identity of astrocytic glutamate transport is settled. Three high-affinity, Na $^+$ -dependent transporters—GLAST (EAAT1), GLT-1 (EAAT2), and the neuronal EAAC1—were cloned and characterised in the mid-1990s ^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}5. GLT-1 and GLAST are selectively enriched in astrocytic membranes [rothstein_1994_neuron,lehre_1995_jneurosci,minelli_1995_jneurosci...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}6 The biochemical identity of astrocytic glutamate transport is settled. Three high-affinity, Na $^+$ -dependent transporters—GLAST (EAAT1), GLT-1 (EAAT2), and the neuronal EAAC1—were cloned and characterised in the mid-1990s ^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}7. GLT-1 and GLAST are selectively enriched in astrocytic membranes [rothstein_1994_neuron,lehre_1995_jneurosci,minelli_1995_jneurosci...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}8 The biochemical identity of astrocytic glutamate transport is settled. Three high-affinity, Na $^+$ -dependent transporters—GLAST (EAAT1), GLT-1 (EAAT2), and the neuronal EAAC1—were cloned and characterised in the mid-1990s ^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}9. GLT-1 and GLAST are selectively enriched in astrocytic membranes [rothstein_1994_neuron,lehre_1995_jneurosci,minelli_1995_jneurosci...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}0 The biochemical identity of astrocytic glutamate transport is settled. Three high-affinity, Na $^+$ -dependent transporters—GLAST (EAAT1), GLT-1 (EAAT2), and the neuronal EAAC1—were cloned and characterised in the mid-1990s ^{3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}1. GLT-1 and GLAST are selectively enriched in astrocytic membranes [rothstein_1994_neuron,lehre_1995_jneurosci,minelli_1995_jneurosci...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}2 The biochemical identity of astrocytic glutamate transport is settled. Three high-affinity, Na $^+$ -dependent transporters—GLAST (EAAT1), GLT-1 (EAAT2), and the neuronal EAAC1—were cloned and characterised in the mid-1990s ^{3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}3. GLT-1 and GLAST are selectively enriched in astrocytic membranes [rothstein_1994_neuron,lehre_1995_jneurosci,minelli_1995_jneurosci...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}4 The biochemical identity of astrocytic glutamate transport is settled. Three high-affinity, Na $^+$ -dependent transporters—GLAST (EAAT1), GLT-1 (EAAT2), and the neuronal EAAC1—were cloned and characterised in the mid-1990s ^{3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}5. GLT-1 and GLAST are selectively enriched in astrocytic membranes [rothstein_1994_neuron,lehre_1995_jneurosci,minelli_1995_jneurosci...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}6 The biochemical identity of astrocytic glutamate transport is settled. Three high-affinity, Na $^+$ -dependent transporters—GLAST (EAAT1), GLT-1 (EAAT2), and the neuronal EAAC1—were cloned and characterised in the mid-1990s ^{3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}7. GLT-1 and GLAST are selectively enriched in astrocytic membranes [rothstein_1994_neuron,lehre_1995_jneurosci,minelli_1995_jneurosci...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}8 The biochemical identity of astrocytic glutamate transport is settled. Three high-affinity, Na $^+$ -dependent transporters—GLAST (EAAT1), GLT-1 (EAAT2), and the neuronal EAAC1—were cloned and characterised in the mid-1990s ^{3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}9. GLT-1 and GLAST are selectively enriched in astrocytic membranes [rothstein_1994_neuron,lehre_1995_jneurosci,minelli_1995_jneurosci...
^{4Citationpaper:paper-8cf019918a97The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}0 The biochemical identity of astrocytic glutamate transport is settled. Three high-affinity, Na $^+$ -dependent transporters—GLAST (EAAT1), GLT-1 (EAAT2), and the neuronal EAAC1—were cloned and characterised in the mid-1990s ^{4Citationpaper:paper-8cf019918a97The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}1. GLT-1 and GLAST are selectively enriched in astrocytic membranes [rothstein_1994_neuron,lehre_1995_jneurosci,minelli_1995_jneurosci...
^{4Citationpaper:paper-8cf019918a97The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}2 The biochemical identity of astrocytic glutamate transport is settled. Three high-affinity, Na $^+$ -dependent transporters—GLAST (EAAT1), GLT-1 (EAAT2), and the neuronal EAAC1—were cloned and characterised in the mid-1990s ^{4Citationpaper:paper-8cf019918a97The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}3. GLT-1 and GLAST are selectively enriched in astrocytic membranes [rothstein_1994_neuron,lehre_1995_jneurosci,minelli_1995_jneurosci...
^{4Citationpaper:paper-8cf019918a97The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}4 Genetic ablation translates the biochemistry into physiology. Homozygous GLT-1-null mice develop lethal spontaneous seizures and show increased susceptibility to acute cortical injury, consistent with catastrophic failure of synaptic and peri-synaptic clearance ^{4Citationpaper:paper-8cf019918a97The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}5. Conditional removal of astrocytic Kir4.1 also impairs glutamate clearance ^{4Citationpaper:paper-8cf019918a97The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}6, indicating that the energetic suppo...
^{4Citationpaper:paper-8cf019918a97The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}7 Genetic ablation translates the biochemistry into physiology. Homozygous GLT-1-null mice develop lethal spontaneous seizures and show increased susceptibility to acute cortical injury, consistent with catastrophic failure of synaptic and peri-synaptic clearance ^{4Citationpaper:paper-8cf019918a97The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}8. Conditional removal of astrocytic Kir4.1 also impairs glutamate clearance ^{4Citationpaper:paper-8cf019918a97The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}9, indicating that the energetic suppo...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-79447c102381The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}0 Genetic ablation translates the biochemistry into physiology. Homozygous GLT-1-null mice develop lethal spontaneous seizures and show increased susceptibility to acute cortical injury, consistent with catastrophic failure of synaptic and peri-synaptic clearance ^{1Citationpaper:paper-79447c102381The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}1. Conditional removal of astrocytic Kir4.1 also impairs glutamate clearance ^{1Citationpaper:paper-79447c102381The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}2, indicating that the energetic suppo...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-79447c102381The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}3 Genetic ablation translates the biochemistry into physiology. Homozygous GLT-1-null mice develop lethal spontaneous seizures and show increased susceptibility to acute cortical injury, consistent with catastrophic failure of synaptic and peri-synaptic clearance ^{1Citationpaper:paper-79447c102381The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}4. Conditional removal of astrocytic Kir4.1 also impairs glutamate clearance ^{1Citationpaper:paper-79447c102381The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}5, indicating that the energetic suppo...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-79447c102381The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}6 Genetic ablation translates the biochemistry into physiology. Homozygous GLT-1-null mice develop lethal spontaneous seizures and show increased susceptibility to acute cortical injury, consistent with catastrophic failure of synaptic and peri-synaptic clearance ^{1Citationpaper:paper-79447c102381The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}7. Conditional removal of astrocytic Kir4.1 also impairs glutamate clearance ^{1Citationpaper:paper-79447c102381The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}8, indicating that the energetic suppo...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-79447c102381The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}9 Genetic ablation translates the biochemistry into physiology. Homozygous GLT-1-null mice develop lethal spontaneous seizures and show increased susceptibility to acute cortical injury, consistent with catastrophic failure of synaptic and peri-synaptic clearance ^{1Citationpaper:paper-79447c102381The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-8cf019918a97The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}0. Conditional removal of astrocytic Kir4.1 also impairs glutamate clearance ^{1Citationpaper:paper-79447c102381The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-8cf019918a97The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}1, indicating that the energetic suppo...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-79447c102381The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-8cf019918a97The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}2 Downregulation of GLT-1 is an early signature across several disease models, including HD mouse brains ^{1Citationpaper:paper-79447c102381The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-8cf019918a97The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}3, ALS (where astrocytic inclusions accumulate as disease progresses and GLT-1 protein falls) ^{1Citationpaper:paper-79447c102381The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-8cf019918a97The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}4, and the Tsc1 $^{GFAP}$ conditional knockout, which shows deficient astrocyte glutamate transporters and develops spontaneous seizures [zeng_2007_n...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-79447c102381The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-8cf019918a97The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}5 Downregulation of GLT-1 is an early signature across several disease models, including HD mouse brains ^{1Citationpaper:paper-79447c102381The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-8cf019918a97The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}6, ALS (where astrocytic inclusions accumulate as disease progresses and GLT-1 protein falls) ^{1Citationpaper:paper-79447c102381The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-8cf019918a97The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}7, and the Tsc1 $^{GFAP}$ conditional knockout, which shows deficient astrocyte glutamate transporters and develops spontaneous seizures [zeng_2007_n...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-79447c102381The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-8cf019918a97The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}8 Downregulation of GLT-1 is an early signature across several disease models, including HD mouse brains ^{1Citationpaper:paper-79447c102381The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-8cf019918a97The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}9, ALS (where astrocytic inclusions accumulate as disease progresses and GLT-1 protein falls) ^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}0, and the Tsc1 $^{GFAP}$ conditional knockout, which shows deficient astrocyte glutamate transporters and develops spontaneous seizures [zeng_2007_n...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}1 Downregulation of GLT-1 is an early signature across several disease models, including HD mouse brains ^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}2, ALS (where astrocytic inclusions accumulate as disease progresses and GLT-1 protein falls) ^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}3, and the Tsc1 $^{GFAP}$ conditional knockout, which shows deficient astrocyte glutamate transporters and develops spontaneous seizures [zeng_2007_n...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}4 Downregulation of GLT-1 is an early signature across several disease models, including HD mouse brains ^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}5, ALS (where astrocytic inclusions accumulate as disease progresses and GLT-1 protein falls) ^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}6, and the Tsc1 $^{GFAP}$ conditional knockout, which shows deficient astrocyte glutamate transporters and develops spontaneous seizures [zeng_2007_n...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}7 Downregulation of GLT-1 is an early signature across several disease models, including HD mouse brains ^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}8, ALS (where astrocytic inclusions accumulate as disease progresses and GLT-1 protein falls) ^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}9, and the Tsc1 $^{GFAP}$ conditional knockout, which shows deficient astrocyte glutamate transporters and develops spontaneous seizures [zeng_2007_n...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-79447c102381The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-8cf019918a97The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}0 Downregulation of GLT-1 is an early signature across several disease models, including HD mouse brains ^{1Citationpaper:paper-79447c102381The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-8cf019918a97The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}1, ALS (where astrocytic inclusions accumulate as disease progresses and GLT-1 protein falls) ^{1Citationpaper:paper-79447c102381The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-8cf019918a97The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}2, and the Tsc1 $^{GFAP}$ conditional knockout, which shows deficient astrocyte glutamate transporters and develops spontaneous seizures [zeng_2007_n...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-79447c102381The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-8cf019918a97The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}3 Neural activity releases K $^+$ into the ECS, and astrocytes are the principal local sink. Buffering occurs via K $^+$ -selective channels and via redistribution through the astrocytic syncytium ^{1Citationpaper:paper-79447c102381The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-8cf019918a97The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}4. The weakly inward-rectifier Kir4.1 (KCNJ10) is the dominant K $^+$ channel in forebrain astrocytes; Kir4.1-null mice show the expected phenotypic consequences in retina and e...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-79447c102381The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-8cf019918a97The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}5 Neural activity releases K $^+$ into the ECS, and astrocytes are the principal local sink. Buffering occurs via K $^+$ -selective channels and via redistribution through the astrocytic syncytium ^{1Citationpaper:paper-79447c102381The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-8cf019918a97The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}6. The weakly inward-rectifier Kir4.1 (KCNJ10) is the dominant K $^+$ channel in forebrain astrocytes; Kir4.1-null mice show the expected phenotypic consequences in retina and e...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-79447c102381The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-8cf019918a97The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}7 Neural activity releases K $^+$ into the ECS, and astrocytes are the principal local sink. Buffering occurs via K $^+$ -selective channels and via redistribution through the astrocytic syncytium ^{1Citationpaper:paper-79447c102381The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-8cf019918a97The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}8. The weakly inward-rectifier Kir4.1 (KCNJ10) is the dominant K $^+$ channel in forebrain astrocytes; Kir4.1-null mice show the expected phenotypic consequences in retina and e...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-79447c102381The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-8cf019918a97The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}9 Neural activity releases K $^+$ into the ECS, and astrocytes are the principal local sink. Buffering occurs via K $^+$ -selective channels and via redistribution through the astrocytic syncytium ^{3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}0. The weakly inward-rectifier Kir4.1 (KCNJ10) is the dominant K $^+$ channel in forebrain astrocytes; Kir4.1-null mice show the expected phenotypic consequences in retina and e...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}1 Neural activity releases K $^+$ into the ECS, and astrocytes are the principal local sink. Buffering occurs via K $^+$ -selective channels and via redistribution through the astrocytic syncytium ^{3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}2. The weakly inward-rectifier Kir4.1 (KCNJ10) is the dominant K $^+$ channel in forebrain astrocytes; Kir4.1-null mice show the expected phenotypic consequences in retina and e...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}3 Neural activity releases K $^+$ into the ECS, and astrocytes are the principal local sink. Buffering occurs via K $^+$ -selective channels and via redistribution through the astrocytic syncytium ^{3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}4. The weakly inward-rectifier Kir4.1 (KCNJ10) is the dominant K $^+$ channel in forebrain astrocytes; Kir4.1-null mice show the expected phenotypic consequences in retina and e...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}5 Neural activity releases K $^+$ into the ECS, and astrocytes are the principal local sink. Buffering occurs via K $^+$ -selective channels and via redistribution through the astrocytic syncytium ^{3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}6. The weakly inward-rectifier Kir4.1 (KCNJ10) is the dominant K $^+$ channel in forebrain astrocytes; Kir4.1-null mice show the expected phenotypic consequences in retina and e...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}7 Kir4.1 is also a disease-relevant node. Loss-of-function KCNJ10 mutations cause EAST/SeSAME syndrome ^{3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}8. Expression changes have been documented in Huntington’s disease striatum ^{3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}9, in depression-relevant lateral habenula circuits ^{1Citationpaper:paper-79447c102381The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-8cf019918a97The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}0, and—more controversially—as a serum autoantigen in multiple sclerosis ^{1Citationpaper:paper-79447c102381The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-8cf019918a97The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}1, a result that has not been cleanl...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-79447c102381The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-8cf019918a97The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}2 Kir4.1 is also a disease-relevant node. Loss-of-function KCNJ10 mutations cause EAST/SeSAME syndrome ^{1Citationpaper:paper-79447c102381The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-8cf019918a97The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}3. Expression changes have been documented in Huntington’s disease striatum ^{1Citationpaper:paper-79447c102381The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-8cf019918a97The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}4, in depression-relevant lateral habenula circuits ^{1Citationpaper:paper-79447c102381The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-8cf019918a97The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}5, and—more controversially—as a serum autoantigen in multiple sclerosis ^{1Citationpaper:paper-79447c102381The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-8cf019918a97The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}6, a result that has not been cleanl...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-79447c102381The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-8cf019918a97The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}7 Kir4.1 is also a disease-relevant node. Loss-of-function KCNJ10 mutations cause EAST/SeSAME syndrome ^{1Citationpaper:paper-79447c102381The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-8cf019918a97The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}8. Expression changes have been documented in Huntington’s disease striatum ^{1Citationpaper:paper-79447c102381The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-8cf019918a97The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}9, in depression-relevant lateral habenula circuits ^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}00, and—more controversially—as a serum autoantigen in multiple sclerosis ^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}01, a result that has not been cleanl...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}02 Kir4.1 is also a disease-relevant node. Loss-of-function KCNJ10 mutations cause EAST/SeSAME syndrome ^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}03. Expression changes have been documented in Huntington’s disease striatum ^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}04, in depression-relevant lateral habenula circuits ^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}05, and—more controversially—as a serum autoantigen in multiple sclerosis ^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}06, a result that has not been cleanl...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}07 The inhibitory analogue of GLT-1 is GAT-3 (SLC6A11), localised almost exclusively to astrocytic processes adjacent to GABAergic terminals ^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}08. GAT-1 is primarily neuronal and limits GABA escape from the cleft, while astrocytic GAT-3 sets the ambient extracellular GABA concentration that produces tonic inhibition [scimemi_2014_frontcell,shigetomi_...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}09 The inhibitory analogue of GLT-1 is GAT-3 (SLC6A11), localised almost exclusively to astrocytic processes adjacent to GABAergic terminals ^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}10. GAT-1 is primarily neuronal and limits GABA escape from the cleft, while astrocytic GAT-3 sets the ambient extracellular GABA concentration that produces tonic inhibition [scimemi_2014_frontcell,shigetomi_...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}11 The inhibitory analogue of GLT-1 is GAT-3 (SLC6A11), localised almost exclusively to astrocytic processes adjacent to GABAergic terminals ^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}12. GAT-1 is primarily neuronal and limits GABA escape from the cleft, while astrocytic GAT-3 sets the ambient extracellular GABA concentration that produces tonic inhibition [scimemi_2014_frontcell,shigetomi_...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}13 The inhibitory analogue of GLT-1 is GAT-3 (SLC6A11), localised almost exclusively to astrocytic processes adjacent to GABAergic terminals ^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}14. GAT-1 is primarily neuronal and limits GABA escape from the cleft, while astrocytic GAT-3 sets the ambient extracellular GABA concentration that produces tonic inhibition [scimemi_2014_frontcell,shigetomi_...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}15 The inhibitory analogue of GLT-1 is GAT-3 (SLC6A11), localised almost exclusively to astrocytic processes adjacent to GABAergic terminals ^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}16. GAT-1 is primarily neuronal and limits GABA escape from the cleft, while astrocytic GAT-3 sets the ambient extracellular GABA concentration that produces tonic inhibition [scimemi_2014_frontcell,shigetomi_...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}17 The inhibitory analogue of GLT-1 is GAT-3 (SLC6A11), localised almost exclusively to astrocytic processes adjacent to GABAergic terminals ^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}18. GAT-1 is primarily neuronal and limits GABA escape from the cleft, while astrocytic GAT-3 sets the ambient extracellular GABA concentration that produces tonic inhibition [scimemi_2014_frontcell,shigetomi_...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}19 The inhibitory analogue of GLT-1 is GAT-3 (SLC6A11), localised almost exclusively to astrocytic processes adjacent to GABAergic terminals ^{2Citationpaper:paper-6c1ee79fd5daThe intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...content/05_synaptic_modulation.md:line 8Open reference}20. GAT-1 is primarily neuronal and limits GABA escape from the cleft, while astrocytic GAT-3 sets the ambient extracellular GABA concentration that produces tonic inhibition [scimemi_2014_frontcell,shigetomi_...
... 40 additional anchors in refs_json

References

[ventura_1999_jneurosci] paper:paper-79447c102381 “The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...”
[bellesi_2015_bmcbiol] paper:paper-6c1ee79fd5da “The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...”
[gavrilov_2018_frontcell] paper:paper-9a7bb3c49d35 “The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...”
[bernardinelli_2014_neuralplasticity] paper:paper-8cf019918a97 “The intuition that every synapse is a tripartite complex comes from early ultrastructural snapshots of cortex, and the literature has often cited the "60–90\%" figure as if it were a general constant. Quantitative serial-EM has complicated that picture. In mature rat hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, only $57 ± 11\%$ of excitatory synapses had astrocytic processes apposed to them, and those processes surrounded less...”
[storck_1992_procnatl] paper:paper-c88d8dabfc4e “The biochemical identity of astrocytic glutamate transport is settled. Three high-affinity, Na$^+$-dependent transporters—GLAST (EAAT1), GLT-1 (EAAT2), and the neuronal EAAC1—were cloned and characterised in the mid-1990s [storck_1992_procnatl,rothstein_1996_neuron,beart_2007_britishj]. GLT-1 and GLAST are selectively enriched in astrocytic membranes [rothstein_1994_neuron,lehre_1995_jneurosci,minelli_1995_jneurosci...”
[rothstein_1996_neuron] paper:paper-cc3a657a69e1 “The biochemical identity of astrocytic glutamate transport is settled. Three high-affinity, Na$^+$-dependent transporters—GLAST (EAAT1), GLT-1 (EAAT2), and the neuronal EAAC1—were cloned and characterised in the mid-1990s [storck_1992_procnatl,rothstein_1996_neuron,beart_2007_britishj]. GLT-1 and GLAST are selectively enriched in astrocytic membranes [rothstein_1994_neuron,lehre_1995_jneurosci,minelli_1995_jneurosci...”
[beart_2007_britishj] paper:paper-73e6bfcf800a “The biochemical identity of astrocytic glutamate transport is settled. Three high-affinity, Na$^+$-dependent transporters—GLAST (EAAT1), GLT-1 (EAAT2), and the neuronal EAAC1—were cloned and characterised in the mid-1990s [storck_1992_procnatl,rothstein_1996_neuron,beart_2007_britishj]. GLT-1 and GLAST are selectively enriched in astrocytic membranes [rothstein_1994_neuron,lehre_1995_jneurosci,minelli_1995_jneurosci...”
[rothstein_1994_neuron] paper:paper-02c3451f16e4 “The biochemical identity of astrocytic glutamate transport is settled. Three high-affinity, Na$^+$-dependent transporters—GLAST (EAAT1), GLT-1 (EAAT2), and the neuronal EAAC1—were cloned and characterised in the mid-1990s [storck_1992_procnatl,rothstein_1996_neuron,beart_2007_britishj]. GLT-1 and GLAST are selectively enriched in astrocytic membranes [rothstein_1994_neuron,lehre_1995_jneurosci,minelli_1995_jneurosci...”
[lehre_1995_jneurosci] paper:paper-cb637c18583c “The biochemical identity of astrocytic glutamate transport is settled. Three high-affinity, Na$^+$-dependent transporters—GLAST (EAAT1), GLT-1 (EAAT2), and the neuronal EAAC1—were cloned and characterised in the mid-1990s [storck_1992_procnatl,rothstein_1996_neuron,beart_2007_britishj]. GLT-1 and GLAST are selectively enriched in astrocytic membranes [rothstein_1994_neuron,lehre_1995_jneurosci,minelli_1995_jneurosci...”
[minelli_1995_jneurosci] paper:paper-80811a9625ef “The biochemical identity of astrocytic glutamate transport is settled. Three high-affinity, Na$^+$-dependent transporters—GLAST (EAAT1), GLT-1 (EAAT2), and the neuronal EAAC1—were cloned and characterised in the mid-1990s [storck_1992_procnatl,rothstein_1996_neuron,beart_2007_britishj]. GLT-1 and GLAST are selectively enriched in astrocytic membranes [rothstein_1994_neuron,lehre_1995_jneurosci,minelli_1995_jneurosci...”
[swanson_1997_jneurosci] paper:paper-a0d934f40188 “The biochemical identity of astrocytic glutamate transport is settled. Three high-affinity, Na$^+$-dependent transporters—GLAST (EAAT1), GLT-1 (EAAT2), and the neuronal EAAC1—were cloned and characterised in the mid-1990s [storck_1992_procnatl,rothstein_1996_neuron,beart_2007_britishj]. GLT-1 and GLAST are selectively enriched in astrocytic membranes [rothstein_1994_neuron,lehre_1995_jneurosci,minelli_1995_jneurosci...”
[rajkowska_2013_cdt] paper:paper-f7ec0dc5b34f “The biochemical identity of astrocytic glutamate transport is settled. Three high-affinity, Na$^+$-dependent transporters—GLAST (EAAT1), GLT-1 (EAAT2), and the neuronal EAAC1—were cloned and characterised in the mid-1990s [storck_1992_procnatl,rothstein_1996_neuron,beart_2007_britishj]. GLT-1 and GLAST are selectively enriched in astrocytic membranes [rothstein_1994_neuron,lehre_1995_jneurosci,minelli_1995_jneurosci...”
[pajarillo_2019_neuropharmacology] paper:paper-f602d2239567 “The biochemical identity of astrocytic glutamate transport is settled. Three high-affinity, Na$^+$-dependent transporters—GLAST (EAAT1), GLT-1 (EAAT2), and the neuronal EAAC1—were cloned and characterised in the mid-1990s [storck_1992_procnatl,rothstein_1996_neuron,beart_2007_britishj]. GLT-1 and GLAST are selectively enriched in astrocytic membranes [rothstein_1994_neuron,lehre_1995_jneurosci,minelli_1995_jneurosci...”
[levy_1998_jneurosci] paper:paper-d130311c95ae “The biochemical identity of astrocytic glutamate transport is settled. Three high-affinity, Na$^+$-dependent transporters—GLAST (EAAT1), GLT-1 (EAAT2), and the neuronal EAAC1—were cloned and characterised in the mid-1990s [storck_1992_procnatl,rothstein_1996_neuron,beart_2007_britishj]. GLT-1 and GLAST are selectively enriched in astrocytic membranes [rothstein_1994_neuron,lehre_1995_jneurosci,minelli_1995_jneurosci...”
[krencik_2011_natbiotechnol] paper:paper-374a998f7856 “The biochemical identity of astrocytic glutamate transport is settled. Three high-affinity, Na$^+$-dependent transporters—GLAST (EAAT1), GLT-1 (EAAT2), and the neuronal EAAC1—were cloned and characterised in the mid-1990s [storck_1992_procnatl,rothstein_1996_neuron,beart_2007_britishj]. GLT-1 and GLAST are selectively enriched in astrocytic membranes [rothstein_1994_neuron,lehre_1995_jneurosci,minelli_1995_jneurosci...”
[tanaka_1997_science] paper:paper-7b5f7662e50a “Genetic ablation translates the biochemistry into physiology. Homozygous GLT-1-null mice develop lethal spontaneous seizures and show increased susceptibility to acute cortical injury, consistent with catastrophic failure of synaptic and peri-synaptic clearance [tanaka_1997_science]. Conditional removal of astrocytic Kir4.1 also impairs glutamate clearance [djukic_2007_jneurosci], indicating that the energetic suppo...”
[djukic_2007_jneurosci] paper:paper-2360affa76f3 “Genetic ablation translates the biochemistry into physiology. Homozygous GLT-1-null mice develop lethal spontaneous seizures and show increased susceptibility to acute cortical injury, consistent with catastrophic failure of synaptic and peri-synaptic clearance [tanaka_1997_science]. Conditional removal of astrocytic Kir4.1 also impairs glutamate clearance [djukic_2007_jneurosci], indicating that the energetic suppo...”
[diamond_2001_jneurosci] paper:paper-15da8412e86e “Genetic ablation translates the biochemistry into physiology. Homozygous GLT-1-null mice develop lethal spontaneous seizures and show increased susceptibility to acute cortical injury, consistent with catastrophic failure of synaptic and peri-synaptic clearance [tanaka_1997_science]. Conditional removal of astrocytic Kir4.1 also impairs glutamate clearance [djukic_2007_jneurosci], indicating that the energetic suppo...”
[bergles_1999_currentopinion] paper:paper-ab249997739b “Genetic ablation translates the biochemistry into physiology. Homozygous GLT-1-null mice develop lethal spontaneous seizures and show increased susceptibility to acute cortical injury, consistent with catastrophic failure of synaptic and peri-synaptic clearance [tanaka_1997_science]. Conditional removal of astrocytic Kir4.1 also impairs glutamate clearance [djukic_2007_jneurosci], indicating that the energetic suppo...”
[rusakov_2001_biophysical] paper:paper-79d5db1a3a41 “Genetic ablation translates the biochemistry into physiology. Homozygous GLT-1-null mice develop lethal spontaneous seizures and show increased susceptibility to acute cortical injury, consistent with catastrophic failure of synaptic and peri-synaptic clearance [tanaka_1997_science]. Conditional removal of astrocytic Kir4.1 also impairs glutamate clearance [djukic_2007_jneurosci], indicating that the energetic suppo...”
[pal_2018_cellmol] paper:paper-232026147a69 “Genetic ablation translates the biochemistry into physiology. Homozygous GLT-1-null mice develop lethal spontaneous seizures and show increased susceptibility to acute cortical injury, consistent with catastrophic failure of synaptic and peri-synaptic clearance [tanaka_1997_science]. Conditional removal of astrocytic Kir4.1 also impairs glutamate clearance [djukic_2007_jneurosci], indicating that the energetic suppo...”
[shin_2005_cellbiology] paper:paper-0024feea684f “Downregulation of GLT-1 is an early signature across several disease models, including HD mouse brains [shin_2005_cellbiology], ALS (where astrocytic inclusions accumulate as disease progresses and GLT-1 protein falls) [bruijn_1997_neuron,rothstein_1995_annalsneurology], and the *Tsc1*$^{GFAP}$ conditional knockout, which shows deficient astrocyte glutamate transporters and develops spontaneous seizures [zeng_2007_n...”
[bruijn_1997_neuron] paper:paper-96a21b712e58 “Downregulation of GLT-1 is an early signature across several disease models, including HD mouse brains [shin_2005_cellbiology], ALS (where astrocytic inclusions accumulate as disease progresses and GLT-1 protein falls) [bruijn_1997_neuron,rothstein_1995_annalsneurology], and the *Tsc1*$^{GFAP}$ conditional knockout, which shows deficient astrocyte glutamate transporters and develops spontaneous seizures [zeng_2007_n...”
[rothstein_1995_annalsneurology] paper:paper-19df930e3336 “Downregulation of GLT-1 is an early signature across several disease models, including HD mouse brains [shin_2005_cellbiology], ALS (where astrocytic inclusions accumulate as disease progresses and GLT-1 protein falls) [bruijn_1997_neuron,rothstein_1995_annalsneurology], and the *Tsc1*$^{GFAP}$ conditional knockout, which shows deficient astrocyte glutamate transporters and develops spontaneous seizures [zeng_2007_n...”
[zeng_2007_neurobiologydisease] paper:paper-3c4176bf0b8d “Downregulation of GLT-1 is an early signature across several disease models, including HD mouse brains [shin_2005_cellbiology], ALS (where astrocytic inclusions accumulate as disease progresses and GLT-1 protein falls) [bruijn_1997_neuron,rothstein_1995_annalsneurology], and the *Tsc1*$^{GFAP}$ conditional knockout, which shows deficient astrocyte glutamate transporters and develops spontaneous seizures [zeng_2007_n...”
[genoud_2006_plosbiol] paper:paper-96cc54156326 “Downregulation of GLT-1 is an early signature across several disease models, including HD mouse brains [shin_2005_cellbiology], ALS (where astrocytic inclusions accumulate as disease progresses and GLT-1 protein falls) [bruijn_1997_neuron,rothstein_1995_annalsneurology], and the *Tsc1*$^{GFAP}$ conditional knockout, which shows deficient astrocyte glutamate transporters and develops spontaneous seizures [zeng_2007_n...”
[sheldon_2007_neurochemistry] paper:paper-fc5119c7bbeb “Downregulation of GLT-1 is an early signature across several disease models, including HD mouse brains [shin_2005_cellbiology], ALS (where astrocytic inclusions accumulate as disease progresses and GLT-1 protein falls) [bruijn_1997_neuron,rothstein_1995_annalsneurology], and the *Tsc1*$^{GFAP}$ conditional knockout, which shows deficient astrocyte glutamate transporters and develops spontaneous seizures [zeng_2007_n...”
[henneberger_2020_neuron] paper:paper-f2c64f4579f9 “Downregulation of GLT-1 is an early signature across several disease models, including HD mouse brains [shin_2005_cellbiology], ALS (where astrocytic inclusions accumulate as disease progresses and GLT-1 protein falls) [bruijn_1997_neuron,rothstein_1995_annalsneurology], and the *Tsc1*$^{GFAP}$ conditional knockout, which shows deficient astrocyte glutamate transporters and develops spontaneous seizures [zeng_2007_n...”
[kofuji_2004_neuroscience] paper:paper-7de838cae341 “Neural activity releases K$^+$ into the ECS, and astrocytes are the principal local sink. Buffering occurs via K$^+$-selective channels and via redistribution through the astrocytic syncytium [kofuji_2004_neuroscience,olsen_2008_neurochemistry]. The weakly inward-rectifier Kir4.1 (KCNJ10) is the dominant K$^+$ channel in forebrain astrocytes; Kir4.1-null mice show the expected phenotypic consequences in retina and e...”
[olsen_2008_neurochemistry] paper:paper-0e7560370098 “Neural activity releases K$^+$ into the ECS, and astrocytes are the principal local sink. Buffering occurs via K$^+$-selective channels and via redistribution through the astrocytic syncytium [kofuji_2004_neuroscience,olsen_2008_neurochemistry]. The weakly inward-rectifier Kir4.1 (KCNJ10) is the dominant K$^+$ channel in forebrain astrocytes; Kir4.1-null mice show the expected phenotypic consequences in retina and e...”
[neusch_2001_jneurosci] paper:paper-75fe6ee3e863 “Neural activity releases K$^+$ into the ECS, and astrocytes are the principal local sink. Buffering occurs via K$^+$-selective channels and via redistribution through the astrocytic syncytium [kofuji_2004_neuroscience,olsen_2008_neurochemistry]. The weakly inward-rectifier Kir4.1 (KCNJ10) is the dominant K$^+$ channel in forebrain astrocytes; Kir4.1-null mice show the expected phenotypic consequences in retina and e...”
[butt_2006_jcellular] paper:paper-dc35bf385055 “Neural activity releases K$^+$ into the ECS, and astrocytes are the principal local sink. Buffering occurs via K$^+$-selective channels and via redistribution through the astrocytic syncytium [kofuji_2004_neuroscience,olsen_2008_neurochemistry]. The weakly inward-rectifier Kir4.1 (KCNJ10) is the dominant K$^+$ channel in forebrain astrocytes; Kir4.1-null mice show the expected phenotypic consequences in retina and e...”
[wallraff_2006_jneurosci] paper:paper-9ebb7ba6c393 “Neural activity releases K$^+$ into the ECS, and astrocytes are the principal local sink. Buffering occurs via K$^+$-selective channels and via redistribution through the astrocytic syncytium [kofuji_2004_neuroscience,olsen_2008_neurochemistry]. The weakly inward-rectifier Kir4.1 (KCNJ10) is the dominant K$^+$ channel in forebrain astrocytes; Kir4.1-null mice show the expected phenotypic consequences in retina and e...”
[larsen_2014_glia] paper:paper-01f966defe1a “Neural activity releases K$^+$ into the ECS, and astrocytes are the principal local sink. Buffering occurs via K$^+$-selective channels and via redistribution through the astrocytic syncytium [kofuji_2004_neuroscience,olsen_2008_neurochemistry]. The weakly inward-rectifier Kir4.1 (KCNJ10) is the dominant K$^+$ channel in forebrain astrocytes; Kir4.1-null mice show the expected phenotypic consequences in retina and e...”
[scholl_2009_procnatl] paper:paper-8fe2dc9d0c56 “Kir4.1 is also a disease-relevant node. Loss-of-function KCNJ10 mutations cause EAST/SeSAME syndrome [scholl_2009_procnatl]. Expression changes have been documented in Huntington's disease striatum [tong_2014_natneurosci], in depression-relevant lateral habenula circuits [cui_2018_nature], and—more controversially—as a serum autoantigen in multiple sclerosis [srivastava_2012_nengl], a result that has not been cleanl...”
[tong_2014_natneurosci] paper:paper-83a32d8b41c7 “Kir4.1 is also a disease-relevant node. Loss-of-function KCNJ10 mutations cause EAST/SeSAME syndrome [scholl_2009_procnatl]. Expression changes have been documented in Huntington's disease striatum [tong_2014_natneurosci], in depression-relevant lateral habenula circuits [cui_2018_nature], and—more controversially—as a serum autoantigen in multiple sclerosis [srivastava_2012_nengl], a result that has not been cleanl...”
[cui_2018_nature] paper:paper-8d833aeafd3e “Kir4.1 is also a disease-relevant node. Loss-of-function KCNJ10 mutations cause EAST/SeSAME syndrome [scholl_2009_procnatl]. Expression changes have been documented in Huntington's disease striatum [tong_2014_natneurosci], in depression-relevant lateral habenula circuits [cui_2018_nature], and—more controversially—as a serum autoantigen in multiple sclerosis [srivastava_2012_nengl], a result that has not been cleanl...”
[srivastava_2012_nengl] paper:paper-99bfafa564c0 “Kir4.1 is also a disease-relevant node. Loss-of-function KCNJ10 mutations cause EAST/SeSAME syndrome [scholl_2009_procnatl]. Expression changes have been documented in Huntington's disease striatum [tong_2014_natneurosci], in depression-relevant lateral habenula circuits [cui_2018_nature], and—more controversially—as a serum autoantigen in multiple sclerosis [srivastava_2012_nengl], a result that has not been cleanl...”
[durkin_1995_molecularbrain] paper:paper-21b3925a3402 “The inhibitory analogue of GLT-1 is GAT-3 (SLC6A11), localised almost exclusively to astrocytic processes adjacent to GABAergic terminals [durkin_1995_molecularbrain,minelli_1996_jneurosci,scimemi_2014_frontcell]. GAT-1 is primarily neuronal and limits GABA escape from the cleft, while astrocytic GAT-3 sets the ambient extracellular GABA concentration that produces tonic inhibition [scimemi_2014_frontcell,shigetomi_...”
[minelli_1996_jneurosci] paper:paper-2b365a72c657 “The inhibitory analogue of GLT-1 is GAT-3 (SLC6A11), localised almost exclusively to astrocytic processes adjacent to GABAergic terminals [durkin_1995_molecularbrain,minelli_1996_jneurosci,scimemi_2014_frontcell]. GAT-1 is primarily neuronal and limits GABA escape from the cleft, while astrocytic GAT-3 sets the ambient extracellular GABA concentration that produces tonic inhibition [scimemi_2014_frontcell,shigetomi_...”
[scimemi_2014_frontcell] paper:paper-0f68db7ac577 “The inhibitory analogue of GLT-1 is GAT-3 (SLC6A11), localised almost exclusively to astrocytic processes adjacent to GABAergic terminals [durkin_1995_molecularbrain,minelli_1996_jneurosci,scimemi_2014_frontcell]. GAT-1 is primarily neuronal and limits GABA escape from the cleft, while astrocytic GAT-3 sets the ambient extracellular GABA concentration that produces tonic inhibition [scimemi_2014_frontcell,shigetomi_...”
[shigetomi_2012_natneurosci] paper:paper-31d780bda175 “The inhibitory analogue of GLT-1 is GAT-3 (SLC6A11), localised almost exclusively to astrocytic processes adjacent to GABAergic terminals [durkin_1995_molecularbrain,minelli_1996_jneurosci,scimemi_2014_frontcell]. GAT-1 is primarily neuronal and limits GABA escape from the cleft, while astrocytic GAT-3 sets the ambient extracellular GABA concentration that produces tonic inhibition [scimemi_2014_frontcell,shigetomi_...”
[yu_2018_neuron] paper:paper-9797394cf360 “The inhibitory analogue of GLT-1 is GAT-3 (SLC6A11), localised almost exclusively to astrocytic processes adjacent to GABAergic terminals [durkin_1995_molecularbrain,minelli_1996_jneurosci,scimemi_2014_frontcell]. GAT-1 is primarily neuronal and limits GABA escape from the cleft, while astrocytic GAT-3 sets the ambient extracellular GABA concentration that produces tonic inhibition [scimemi_2014_frontcell,shigetomi_...”
[matos_2018_natcommun] paper:paper-77c3c62c0fc0 “The inhibitory analogue of GLT-1 is GAT-3 (SLC6A11), localised almost exclusively to astrocytic processes adjacent to GABAergic terminals [durkin_1995_molecularbrain,minelli_1996_jneurosci,scimemi_2014_frontcell]. GAT-1 is primarily neuronal and limits GABA escape from the cleft, while astrocytic GAT-3 sets the ambient extracellular GABA concentration that produces tonic inhibition [scimemi_2014_frontcell,shigetomi_...”

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