Striatal Output Pathways: Direct, Indirect, and Beyond
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1Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture... -
2Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture... -
3Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture... -
1Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture... -
2Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture... -
1Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference0{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference1 direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture... -
1Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference2{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference3 direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture... -
1Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference4{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference5 direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture... -
1Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference6{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference7 direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture... -
1Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference8{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference9 direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture... -
2Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference0{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The 2Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference1 direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture... -
2Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference2{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The 2Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference3 direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture... -
2Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference4{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The 2Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference5 direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture... -
2Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference6{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The 2Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference7 direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture... -
2Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference8{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The 2Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference9 direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture... -
1Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference0{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference1 direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture... -
1Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference2 The strongest support for the canonical model came from cell-type-specific optogenetics. Bilateral excitation of indirect-pathway iSPNs in mice elicited a parkinsonian state with bradykinesia and freezing, whereas direct-pathway activation increased ambulatory bouts 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference3 (Figure{ref}fig-sec4-d1d2-movement-effect, panel A). 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference4 provided the matching SNr-output reading: dSPN stimulation suppressed... -
1Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference5 The strongest support for the canonical model came from cell-type-specific optogenetics. Bilateral excitation of indirect-pathway iSPNs in mice elicited a parkinsonian state with bradykinesia and freezing, whereas direct-pathway activation increased ambulatory bouts 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference6 (Figure{ref}fig-sec4-d1d2-movement-effect, panel A). 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference7 provided the matching SNr-output reading: dSPN stimulation suppressed... -
1Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference8 The strongest support for the canonical model came from cell-type-specific optogenetics. Bilateral excitation of indirect-pathway iSPNs in mice elicited a parkinsonian state with bradykinesia and freezing, whereas direct-pathway activation increased ambulatory bouts 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference9 (Figure{ref}fig-sec4-d1d2-movement-effect, panel A). 3Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference0 provided the matching SNr-output reading: dSPN stimulation suppressed... -
3Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference1 The strongest support for the canonical model came from cell-type-specific optogenetics. Bilateral excitation of indirect-pathway iSPNs in mice elicited a parkinsonian state with bradykinesia and freezing, whereas direct-pathway activation increased ambulatory bouts 3Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference2 (Figure{ref}fig-sec4-d1d2-movement-effect, panel A). 3Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference3 provided the matching SNr-output reading: dSPN stimulation suppressed... -
3Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference4 The strongest support for the canonical model came from cell-type-specific optogenetics. Bilateral excitation of indirect-pathway iSPNs in mice elicited a parkinsonian state with bradykinesia and freezing, whereas direct-pathway activation increased ambulatory bouts 3Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference5 (Figure{ref}fig-sec4-d1d2-movement-effect, panel A). 3Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference6 provided the matching SNr-output reading: dSPN stimulation suppressed... -
3Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference7 The strongest support for the canonical model came from cell-type-specific optogenetics. Bilateral excitation of indirect-pathway iSPNs in mice elicited a parkinsonian state with bradykinesia and freezing, whereas direct-pathway activation increased ambulatory bouts 3Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference8 (Figure{ref}fig-sec4-d1d2-movement-effect, panel A). 3Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference9 provided the matching SNr-output reading: dSPN stimulation suppressed... -
1Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference0 The strongest support for the canonical model came from cell-type-specific optogenetics. Bilateral excitation of indirect-pathway iSPNs in mice elicited a parkinsonian state with bradykinesia and freezing, whereas direct-pathway activation increased ambulatory bouts 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference1 (Figure{ref}fig-sec4-d1d2-movement-effect, panel A). 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference2 provided the matching SNr-output reading: dSPN stimulation suppressed... -
1Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference3 The strongest support for the canonical model came from cell-type-specific optogenetics. Bilateral excitation of indirect-pathway iSPNs in mice elicited a parkinsonian state with bradykinesia and freezing, whereas direct-pathway activation increased ambulatory bouts 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference4 (Figure{ref}fig-sec4-d1d2-movement-effect, panel A). 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference5 provided the matching SNr-output reading: dSPN stimulation suppressed... -
1Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference6 The strongest support for the canonical model came from cell-type-specific optogenetics. Bilateral excitation of indirect-pathway iSPNs in mice elicited a parkinsonian state with bradykinesia and freezing, whereas direct-pathway activation increased ambulatory bouts 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference7 (Figure{ref}fig-sec4-d1d2-movement-effect, panel A). 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference8 provided the matching SNr-output reading: dSPN stimulation suppressed... -
1Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference9 The strongest support for the canonical model came from cell-type-specific optogenetics. Bilateral excitation of indirect-pathway iSPNs in mice elicited a parkinsonian state with bradykinesia and freezing, whereas direct-pathway activation increased ambulatory bouts 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference0 (Figure{ref}fig-sec4-d1d2-movement-effect, panel A). 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference1 provided the matching SNr-output reading: dSPN stimulation suppressed... -
1Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference2 The first sustained empirical challenge to a strict opposing-pathway dichotomy came from in vivo population imaging. Using two-color fibre-photometry of GCaMP3 in Drd1a-Cre and Adora2a-Cre mice, 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference3 showed that direct- and indirect-pathway SPNs both increase activity before contraversive movements, with concurrent rises in both pathways predicting the occurrence of specific movements within ~500 ms [Cui2... -
1Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference4 The first sustained empirical challenge to a strict opposing-pathway dichotomy came from in vivo population imaging. Using two-color fibre-photometry of GCaMP3 in Drd1a-Cre and Adora2a-Cre mice, 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference5 showed that direct- and indirect-pathway SPNs both increase activity before contraversive movements, with concurrent rises in both pathways predicting the occurrence of specific movements within ~500 ms [Cui2... -
1Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference6 The first sustained empirical challenge to a strict opposing-pathway dichotomy came from in vivo population imaging. Using two-color fibre-photometry of GCaMP3 in Drd1a-Cre and Adora2a-Cre mice, 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference7 showed that direct- and indirect-pathway SPNs both increase activity before contraversive movements, with concurrent rises in both pathways predicting the occurrence of specific movements within ~500 ms [Cui2... -
1Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference8 The first sustained empirical challenge to a strict opposing-pathway dichotomy came from in vivo population imaging. Using two-color fibre-photometry of GCaMP3 in Drd1a-Cre and Adora2a-Cre mice, 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference9 showed that direct- and indirect-pathway SPNs both increase activity before contraversive movements, with concurrent rises in both pathways predicting the occurrence of specific movements within ~500 ms [Cui2... -
1Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference0 The first sustained empirical challenge to a strict opposing-pathway dichotomy came from in vivo population imaging. Using two-color fibre-photometry of GCaMP3 in Drd1a-Cre and Adora2a-Cre mice, 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference1 showed that direct- and indirect-pathway SPNs both increase activity before contraversive movements, with concurrent rises in both pathways predicting the occurrence of specific movements within ~500 ms [Cui2... -
1Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference2 The first sustained empirical challenge to a strict opposing-pathway dichotomy came from in vivo population imaging. Using two-color fibre-photometry of GCaMP3 in Drd1a-Cre and Adora2a-Cre mice, 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference3 showed that direct- and indirect-pathway SPNs both increase activity before contraversive movements, with concurrent rises in both pathways predicting the occurrence of specific movements within ~500 ms [Cui2... -
1Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference4 The first sustained empirical challenge to a strict opposing-pathway dichotomy came from in vivo population imaging. Using two-color fibre-photometry of GCaMP3 in Drd1a-Cre and Adora2a-Cre mice, 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference5 showed that direct- and indirect-pathway SPNs both increase activity before contraversive movements, with concurrent rises in both pathways predicting the occurrence of specific movements within ~500 ms [Cui2... -
1Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference6 The first sustained empirical challenge to a strict opposing-pathway dichotomy came from in vivo population imaging. Using two-color fibre-photometry of GCaMP3 in Drd1a-Cre and Adora2a-Cre mice, 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference7 showed that direct- and indirect-pathway SPNs both increase activity before contraversive movements, with concurrent rises in both pathways predicting the occurrence of specific movements within ~500 ms [Cui2... -
1Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference8 The first sustained empirical challenge to a strict opposing-pathway dichotomy came from in vivo population imaging. Using two-color fibre-photometry of GCaMP3 in Drd1a-Cre and Adora2a-Cre mice, 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference9 showed that direct- and indirect-pathway SPNs both increase activity before contraversive movements, with concurrent rises in both pathways predicting the occurrence of specific movements within ~500 ms [Cui2... -
2Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference0 The first sustained empirical challenge to a strict opposing-pathway dichotomy came from in vivo population imaging. Using two-color fibre-photometry of GCaMP3 in Drd1a-Cre and Adora2a-Cre mice, 2Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference1 showed that direct- and indirect-pathway SPNs both increase activity before contraversive movements, with concurrent rises in both pathways predicting the occurrence of specific movements within ~500 ms [Cui2... -
2Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference2 The first sustained empirical challenge to a strict opposing-pathway dichotomy came from in vivo population imaging. Using two-color fibre-photometry of GCaMP3 in Drd1a-Cre and Adora2a-Cre mice, 2Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference3 showed that direct- and indirect-pathway SPNs both increase activity before contraversive movements, with concurrent rises in both pathways predicting the occurrence of specific movements within ~500 ms [Cui2... -
2Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference4 The first sustained empirical challenge to a strict opposing-pathway dichotomy came from in vivo population imaging. Using two-color fibre-photometry of GCaMP3 in Drd1a-Cre and Adora2a-Cre mice, 2Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference5 showed that direct- and indirect-pathway SPNs both increase activity before contraversive movements, with concurrent rises in both pathways predicting the occurrence of specific movements within ~500 ms [Cui2... -
2Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference6 The first sustained empirical challenge to a strict opposing-pathway dichotomy came from in vivo population imaging. Using two-color fibre-photometry of GCaMP3 in Drd1a-Cre and Adora2a-Cre mice, 2Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference7 showed that direct- and indirect-pathway SPNs both increase activity before contraversive movements, with concurrent rises in both pathways predicting the occurrence of specific movements within ~500 ms [Cui2... -
2Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference8 The first sustained empirical challenge to a strict opposing-pathway dichotomy came from in vivo population imaging. Using two-color fibre-photometry of GCaMP3 in Drd1a-Cre and Adora2a-Cre mice, 2Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference9 showed that direct- and indirect-pathway SPNs both increase activity before contraversive movements, with concurrent rises in both pathways predicting the occurrence of specific movements within ~500 ms [Cui2... -
1Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference0 The first sustained empirical challenge to a strict opposing-pathway dichotomy came from in vivo population imaging. Using two-color fibre-photometry of GCaMP3 in Drd1a-Cre and Adora2a-Cre mice, 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference1 showed that direct- and indirect-pathway SPNs both increase activity before contraversive movements, with concurrent rises in both pathways predicting the occurrence of specific movements within ~500 ms [Cui2... -
1Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference2 A second, deeper revision concerns whether each pathway has a single sign of effect. 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference3 used closed-loop reinforcement learning to show that activating either dSPN or iSPN populations could bidirectionally accelerate or slow movement velocity depending on the contingency, contradicting any version of the model in which D1 = facilitate and D2 = suppress 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference4. 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference5 then reported that dSPNs in... -
1Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference6 A second, deeper revision concerns whether each pathway has a single sign of effect. 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference7 used closed-loop reinforcement learning to show that activating either dSPN or iSPN populations could bidirectionally accelerate or slow movement velocity depending on the contingency, contradicting any version of the model in which D1 = facilitate and D2 = suppress 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference8. 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference9 then reported that dSPNs in... -
1Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference00 A second, deeper revision concerns whether each pathway has a single sign of effect. 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference01 used closed-loop reinforcement learning to show that activating either dSPN or iSPN populations could bidirectionally accelerate or slow movement velocity depending on the contingency, contradicting any version of the model in which D1 = facilitate and D2 = suppress 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference02. 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference03 then reported that dSPNs in... -
1Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference04 A second, deeper revision concerns whether each pathway has a single sign of effect. 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference05 used closed-loop reinforcement learning to show that activating either dSPN or iSPN populations could bidirectionally accelerate or slow movement velocity depending on the contingency, contradicting any version of the model in which D1 = facilitate and D2 = suppress 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference06. 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference07 then reported that dSPNs in... -
1Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference08 A second, deeper revision concerns whether each pathway has a single sign of effect. 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference09 used closed-loop reinforcement learning to show that activating either dSPN or iSPN populations could bidirectionally accelerate or slow movement velocity depending on the contingency, contradicting any version of the model in which D1 = facilitate and D2 = suppress 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference10. 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference11 then reported that dSPNs in... -
1Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference12 A second, deeper revision concerns whether each pathway has a single sign of effect. 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference13 used closed-loop reinforcement learning to show that activating either dSPN or iSPN populations could bidirectionally accelerate or slow movement velocity depending on the contingency, contradicting any version of the model in which D1 = facilitate and D2 = suppress 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference14. 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference15 then reported that dSPNs in... -
1Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference16 A second, deeper revision concerns whether each pathway has a single sign of effect. 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference17 used closed-loop reinforcement learning to show that activating either dSPN or iSPN populations could bidirectionally accelerate or slow movement velocity depending on the contingency, contradicting any version of the model in which D1 = facilitate and D2 = suppress 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference18. 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference19 then reported that dSPNs in... -
1Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference20 A second, deeper revision concerns whether each pathway has a single sign of effect. 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference21 used closed-loop reinforcement learning to show that activating either dSPN or iSPN populations could bidirectionally accelerate or slow movement velocity depending on the contingency, contradicting any version of the model in which D1 = facilitate and D2 = suppress 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference22. 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference23 then reported that dSPNs in... -
1Citation{ref}
sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference24 A second, deeper revision concerns whether each pathway has a single sign of effect. 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference25 used closed-loop reinforcement learning to show that activating either dSPN or iSPN populations could bidirectionally accelerate or slow movement velocity depending on the contingency, contradicting any version of the model in which D1 = facilitate and D2 = suppress 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference26. 1Citation{ref}sec-corticostriatal-interfaceleft open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually do to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...content/sec_04_striatal_output.md:line 4Open reference27 then reported that dSPNs in... -
... 170 additional anchors in refs_json
References
- [Albin1989] “{ref}`sec-corticostriatal-interface` left open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually *do* to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...”
- [Alexander1986] “{ref}`sec-corticostriatal-interface` left open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually *do* to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...”
- [Alexander1990] “{ref}`sec-corticostriatal-interface` left open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually *do* to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...”
- [Delong1984] “{ref}`sec-corticostriatal-interface` left open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually *do* to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...”
- [Cui2013] “{ref}`sec-corticostriatal-interface` left open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually *do* to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...”
- [Mallet2012] “{ref}`sec-corticostriatal-interface` left open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually *do* to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...”
- [Mallet2016] “{ref}`sec-corticostriatal-interface` left open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually *do* to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...”
- [Klaus2017] “{ref}`sec-corticostriatal-interface` left open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually *do* to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...”
- [Yttri2016] “{ref}`sec-corticostriatal-interface` left open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually *do* to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...”
- [Tecuapetla2016] “{ref}`sec-corticostriatal-interface` left open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually *do* to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...”
- [Cox2019] “{ref}`sec-corticostriatal-interface` left open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually *do* to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...”
- [Klaus2019] “{ref}`sec-corticostriatal-interface` left open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually *do* to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...”
- [Lanciego2012] “{ref}`sec-corticostriatal-interface` left open whether the dual D1/D2 pathway dichotomy survives the more granular cell-type and projection-class evidence assembled there. The next analytical task is therefore to ask what the two principal classes of spiny projection neurons actually *do* to the rest of the basal ganglia. The [Albin1989] direct/indirect formulation, embedded in the broader parallel-loop architecture...”
- [Kravitz2010] “The strongest support for the canonical model came from cell-type-specific optogenetics. Bilateral excitation of indirect-pathway iSPNs in mice elicited a parkinsonian state with bradykinesia and freezing, whereas direct-pathway activation increased ambulatory bouts [Kravitz2010] (Figure {ref}`fig-sec4-d1d2-movement-effect`, panel A). [Freeze2013] provided the matching SNr-output reading: dSPN stimulation suppressed...”
- [Freeze2013] “The strongest support for the canonical model came from cell-type-specific optogenetics. Bilateral excitation of indirect-pathway iSPNs in mice elicited a parkinsonian state with bradykinesia and freezing, whereas direct-pathway activation increased ambulatory bouts [Kravitz2010] (Figure {ref}`fig-sec4-d1d2-movement-effect`, panel A). [Freeze2013] provided the matching SNr-output reading: dSPN stimulation suppressed...”
- [Lee2016] “The strongest support for the canonical model came from cell-type-specific optogenetics. Bilateral excitation of indirect-pathway iSPNs in mice elicited a parkinsonian state with bradykinesia and freezing, whereas direct-pathway activation increased ambulatory bouts [Kravitz2010] (Figure {ref}`fig-sec4-d1d2-movement-effect`, panel A). [Freeze2013] provided the matching SNr-output reading: dSPN stimulation suppressed...”
- [Kravitz2012] “The strongest support for the canonical model came from cell-type-specific optogenetics. Bilateral excitation of indirect-pathway iSPNs in mice elicited a parkinsonian state with bradykinesia and freezing, whereas direct-pathway activation increased ambulatory bouts [Kravitz2010] (Figure {ref}`fig-sec4-d1d2-movement-effect`, panel A). [Freeze2013] provided the matching SNr-output reading: dSPN stimulation suppressed...”
- [Gerfen2011] “The strongest support for the canonical model came from cell-type-specific optogenetics. Bilateral excitation of indirect-pathway iSPNs in mice elicited a parkinsonian state with bradykinesia and freezing, whereas direct-pathway activation increased ambulatory bouts [Kravitz2010] (Figure {ref}`fig-sec4-d1d2-movement-effect`, panel A). [Freeze2013] provided the matching SNr-output reading: dSPN stimulation suppressed...”
- [Benson1991] “The strongest support for the canonical model came from cell-type-specific optogenetics. Bilateral excitation of indirect-pathway iSPNs in mice elicited a parkinsonian state with bradykinesia and freezing, whereas direct-pathway activation increased ambulatory bouts [Kravitz2010] (Figure {ref}`fig-sec4-d1d2-movement-effect`, panel A). [Freeze2013] provided the matching SNr-output reading: dSPN stimulation suppressed...”
- [Markowitz2018] “The first sustained empirical challenge to a strict opposing-pathway dichotomy came from in vivo population imaging. Using two-color fibre-photometry of GCaMP3 in *Drd1a*-Cre and *Adora2a*-Cre mice, [Cui2013] showed that direct- and indirect-pathway SPNs *both* increase activity before contraversive movements, with concurrent rises in both pathways predicting the occurrence of specific movements within ~500 ms [Cui2...”
- [Sippy2015] “The first sustained empirical challenge to a strict opposing-pathway dichotomy came from in vivo population imaging. Using two-color fibre-photometry of GCaMP3 in *Drd1a*-Cre and *Adora2a*-Cre mice, [Cui2013] showed that direct- and indirect-pathway SPNs *both* increase activity before contraversive movements, with concurrent rises in both pathways predicting the occurrence of specific movements within ~500 ms [Cui2...”
- [Burke2017] “The first sustained empirical challenge to a strict opposing-pathway dichotomy came from in vivo population imaging. Using two-color fibre-photometry of GCaMP3 in *Drd1a*-Cre and *Adora2a*-Cre mice, [Cui2013] showed that direct- and indirect-pathway SPNs *both* increase activity before contraversive movements, with concurrent rises in both pathways predicting the occurrence of specific movements within ~500 ms [Cui2...”
- [Cui2021] “A second, deeper revision concerns whether each pathway has a single sign of effect. [Yttri2016] used closed-loop reinforcement learning to show that activating *either* dSPN or iSPN populations could *bidirectionally* accelerate or slow movement velocity depending on the contingency, contradicting any version of the model in which D1 = facilitate and D2 = suppress [Yttri2016]. [Cui2021] then reported that dSPNs in...”
- [Klug2025] “A second, deeper revision concerns whether each pathway has a single sign of effect. [Yttri2016] used closed-loop reinforcement learning to show that activating *either* dSPN or iSPN populations could *bidirectionally* accelerate or slow movement velocity depending on the contingency, contradicting any version of the model in which D1 = facilitate and D2 = suppress [Yttri2016]. [Cui2021] then reported that dSPNs in...”
- [Planert2010] “A second, deeper revision concerns whether each pathway has a single sign of effect. [Yttri2016] used closed-loop reinforcement learning to show that activating *either* dSPN or iSPN populations could *bidirectionally* accelerate or slow movement velocity depending on the contingency, contradicting any version of the model in which D1 = facilitate and D2 = suppress [Yttri2016]. [Cui2021] then reported that dSPNs in...”
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