Pallidal Organization and the Disinhibition Principle
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1Citation{ref}
sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve... -
2Citation{ref}
sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve... -
3Citation{ref}
sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve... -
1Citation{ref}
sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference The classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr 1Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 4CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul... -
2Citation{ref}
sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference The classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr 1Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 4CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul... -
4CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference The classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr 1Citation{ref}
sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 4CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul... -
5CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference The classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr 2Citation{ref}
sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference0. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul... -
2Citation{ref}
sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference1 The classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference2. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul... -
2Citation{ref}
sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference3 The classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference4. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul... -
2Citation{ref}
sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference5 The classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference6. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul... -
2Citation{ref}
sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference7 The classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference8. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul... -
2Citation{ref}
sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference9 The classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr 3Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference0. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul... -
3Citation{ref}
sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference1 The classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr 3Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference2. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul... -
3Citation{ref}
sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference3 The classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr 3Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference4. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul... -
3Citation{ref}
sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference5 The classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr 3Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference6. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul... -
3Citation{ref}
sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference7 The classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr 3Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference8. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul... -
3Citation{ref}
sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference9 The cross-study comparison has a known caveat: the marker schemes are correlated but not equivalent ({numref}fig-sec5-gpe-cell-class-proportions). Mouse PV+ overlaps heavily but not perfectly with rat Nkx2-1/Lhx6+ prototypic cells, and the arkypallidal class is variably defined by PPE+, FoxP2+, or Npas1+ depending on the study 1Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference0. 1Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference1 independently confirmed a developme... -
1Citation{ref}
sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference2 The cross-study comparison has a known caveat: the marker schemes are correlated but not equivalent ({numref}fig-sec5-gpe-cell-class-proportions). Mouse PV+ overlaps heavily but not perfectly with rat Nkx2-1/Lhx6+ prototypic cells, and the arkypallidal class is variably defined by PPE+, FoxP2+, or Npas1+ depending on the study 1Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference3. 1Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference4 independently confirmed a developme... -
1Citation{ref}
sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference5 The cross-study comparison has a known caveat: the marker schemes are correlated but not equivalent ({numref}fig-sec5-gpe-cell-class-proportions). Mouse PV+ overlaps heavily but not perfectly with rat Nkx2-1/Lhx6+ prototypic cells, and the arkypallidal class is variably defined by PPE+, FoxP2+, or Npas1+ depending on the study 1Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference6. 1Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference7 independently confirmed a developme... -
1Citation{ref}
sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference8 The cross-study comparison has a known caveat: the marker schemes are correlated but not equivalent ({numref}fig-sec5-gpe-cell-class-proportions). Mouse PV+ overlaps heavily but not perfectly with rat Nkx2-1/Lhx6+ prototypic cells, and the arkypallidal class is variably defined by PPE+, FoxP2+, or Npas1+ depending on the study 1Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference9. 1Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 4CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference0 independently confirmed a developme... -
1Citation{ref}
sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 4CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference1 The cross-study comparison has a known caveat: the marker schemes are correlated but not equivalent ({numref}fig-sec5-gpe-cell-class-proportions). Mouse PV+ overlaps heavily but not perfectly with rat Nkx2-1/Lhx6+ prototypic cells, and the arkypallidal class is variably defined by PPE+, FoxP2+, or Npas1+ depending on the study 1Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 4CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference2. 1Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 4CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference3 independently confirmed a developme... -
1Citation{ref}
sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 4CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference4 GPe cell-class proportions across labs and marker schemes. CAVEAT: marker definitions differ — 1Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 4CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference5 use Nkx2-1/Lhx6 (prototypic) and FoxP2 (arkypallidal) in rat, whereas 1Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 4CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference6 use PV (≈ prototypic) and Npas1 (enriched arkypallidal) in mouse. CAVEAT: 67% prototypic (rat, Nkx2-1+) and 55% PV+ (mouse) are correlated but not equivalent populations; 1Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 4CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference7, 1Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 4CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference8 and 1Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 4CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference9 def... -
2Citation{ref}
sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference0 GPe cell-class proportions across labs and marker schemes. CAVEAT: marker definitions differ — 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference1 use Nkx2-1/Lhx6 (prototypic) and FoxP2 (arkypallidal) in rat, whereas 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference2 use PV (≈ prototypic) and Npas1 (enriched arkypallidal) in mouse. CAVEAT: 67% prototypic (rat, Nkx2-1+) and 55% PV+ (mouse) are correlated but not equivalent populations; 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference3, 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference4 and 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference5 def... -
2Citation{ref}
sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference6 GPe cell-class proportions across labs and marker schemes. CAVEAT: marker definitions differ — 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference7 use Nkx2-1/Lhx6 (prototypic) and FoxP2 (arkypallidal) in rat, whereas 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference8 use PV (≈ prototypic) and Npas1 (enriched arkypallidal) in mouse. CAVEAT: 67% prototypic (rat, Nkx2-1+) and 55% PV+ (mouse) are correlated but not equivalent populations; 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference9, 1Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 4CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference0 and 1Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 4CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference1 def... -
1Citation{ref}
sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 4CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference2 GPe cell-class proportions across labs and marker schemes. CAVEAT: marker definitions differ — 1Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 4CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference3 use Nkx2-1/Lhx6 (prototypic) and FoxP2 (arkypallidal) in rat, whereas 1Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 4CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference4 use PV (≈ prototypic) and Npas1 (enriched arkypallidal) in mouse. CAVEAT: 67% prototypic (rat, Nkx2-1+) and 55% PV+ (mouse) are correlated but not equivalent populations; 1Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 4CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference5, 1Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 4CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference6 and 1Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 4CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference7 def... -
1Citation{ref}
sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 4CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference8 GPe cell-class proportions across labs and marker schemes. CAVEAT: marker definitions differ — 1Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 4CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference9 use Nkx2-1/Lhx6 (prototypic) and FoxP2 (arkypallidal) in rat, whereas 4CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference0 use PV (≈ prototypic) and Npas1 (enriched arkypallidal) in mouse. CAVEAT: 67% prototypic (rat, Nkx2-1+) and 55% PV+ (mouse) are correlated but not equivalent populations; 4CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference1, 4CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference2 and 4CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference3 def... -
4CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference4 A first conflict therefore deserves explicit billing. 4CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference5 reported, on anatomical grounds, that ≈25% of GPe neurons project back to striatum and preferentially contact GABAergic interneurons. The 4CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference6 and 4CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference7 follow-ups showed that the back-projecting class is a distinct arkypallidal population whose striatal contacts include both interneurons and spiny projection neurons, and that t...
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4CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference8 A first conflict therefore deserves explicit billing. 4CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference9 reported, on anatomical grounds, that ≈25% of GPe neurons project back to striatum and preferentially contact GABAergic interneurons. The 1Citation{ref}
sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 4CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference0 and 1Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 4CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference1 follow-ups showed that the back-projecting class is a distinct arkypallidal population whose striatal contacts include both interneurons and spiny projection neurons, and that t... -
1Citation{ref}
sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 4CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference2 A first conflict therefore deserves explicit billing. 1Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 4CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference3 reported, on anatomical grounds, that ≈25% of GPe neurons project back to striatum and preferentially contact GABAergic interneurons. The 1Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 4CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference4 and 1Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 4CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference5 follow-ups showed that the back-projecting class is a distinct arkypallidal population whose striatal contacts include both interneurons and spiny projection neurons, and that t... -
1Citation{ref}
sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 4CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference6 A first conflict therefore deserves explicit billing. 1Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 4CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference7 reported, on anatomical grounds, that ≈25% of GPe neurons project back to striatum and preferentially contact GABAergic interneurons. The 1Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 4CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference8 and 1Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference, 4CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference9 follow-ups showed that the back-projecting class is a distinct arkypallidal population whose striatal contacts include both interneurons and spiny projection neurons, and that t... -
5CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference0 A first conflict therefore deserves explicit billing. 5CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference1 reported, on anatomical grounds, that ≈25% of GPe neurons project back to striatum and preferentially contact GABAergic interneurons. The 5CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference2 and 5CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference3 follow-ups showed that the back-projecting class is a distinct arkypallidal population whose striatal contacts include both interneurons and spiny projection neurons, and that t...
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5CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference4 A first conflict therefore deserves explicit billing. 5CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference5 reported, on anatomical grounds, that ≈25% of GPe neurons project back to striatum and preferentially contact GABAergic interneurons. The 5CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference6 and 5CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference7 follow-ups showed that the back-projecting class is a distinct arkypallidal population whose striatal contacts include both interneurons and spiny projection neurons, and that t...
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5CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference8 A first conflict therefore deserves explicit billing. 5CitationThe classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 7Open reference9 reported, on anatomical grounds, that ≈25% of GPe neurons project back to striatum and preferentially contact GABAergic interneurons. The 2Citation{ref}
sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference00 and 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference01 follow-ups showed that the back-projecting class is a distinct arkypallidal population whose striatal contacts include both interneurons and spiny projection neurons, and that t... -
2Citation{ref}
sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference02 What do prototypic and arkypallidal neurons do? The most striking dissociation comes from the stop-signal task ({numref}fig-sec5-arkypallidal-vs-prototypic-stop). 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference03 recorded identified GPe neurons during action cancellation and showed that arkypallidal neurons emit earlier and stronger Stop responses, with selectivity for the Stop cue itself, whereas prototypic neurons respond later and more weakly. T... -
2Citation{ref}
sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference04 What do prototypic and arkypallidal neurons do? The most striking dissociation comes from the stop-signal task ({numref}fig-sec5-arkypallidal-vs-prototypic-stop). 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference05 recorded identified GPe neurons during action cancellation and showed that arkypallidal neurons emit earlier and stronger Stop responses, with selectivity for the Stop cue itself, whereas prototypic neurons respond later and more weakly. T... -
2Citation{ref}
sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference06 What do prototypic and arkypallidal neurons do? The most striking dissociation comes from the stop-signal task ({numref}fig-sec5-arkypallidal-vs-prototypic-stop). 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference07 recorded identified GPe neurons during action cancellation and showed that arkypallidal neurons emit earlier and stronger Stop responses, with selectivity for the Stop cue itself, whereas prototypic neurons respond later and more weakly. T... -
2Citation{ref}
sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference08 What do prototypic and arkypallidal neurons do? The most striking dissociation comes from the stop-signal task ({numref}fig-sec5-arkypallidal-vs-prototypic-stop). 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference09 recorded identified GPe neurons during action cancellation and showed that arkypallidal neurons emit earlier and stronger Stop responses, with selectivity for the Stop cue itself, whereas prototypic neurons respond later and more weakly. T... -
2Citation{ref}
sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference10 What do prototypic and arkypallidal neurons do? The most striking dissociation comes from the stop-signal task ({numref}fig-sec5-arkypallidal-vs-prototypic-stop). 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference11 recorded identified GPe neurons during action cancellation and showed that arkypallidal neurons emit earlier and stronger Stop responses, with selectivity for the Stop cue itself, whereas prototypic neurons respond later and more weakly. T... -
2Citation{ref}
sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference12 What do prototypic and arkypallidal neurons do? The most striking dissociation comes from the stop-signal task ({numref}fig-sec5-arkypallidal-vs-prototypic-stop). 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference13 recorded identified GPe neurons during action cancellation and showed that arkypallidal neurons emit earlier and stronger Stop responses, with selectivity for the Stop cue itself, whereas prototypic neurons respond later and more weakly. T... -
2Citation{ref}
sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference14 What do prototypic and arkypallidal neurons do? The most striking dissociation comes from the stop-signal task ({numref}fig-sec5-arkypallidal-vs-prototypic-stop). 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference15 recorded identified GPe neurons during action cancellation and showed that arkypallidal neurons emit earlier and stronger Stop responses, with selectivity for the Stop cue itself, whereas prototypic neurons respond later and more weakly. T... -
2Citation{ref}
sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference16 What do prototypic and arkypallidal neurons do? The most striking dissociation comes from the stop-signal task ({numref}fig-sec5-arkypallidal-vs-prototypic-stop). 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference17 recorded identified GPe neurons during action cancellation and showed that arkypallidal neurons emit earlier and stronger Stop responses, with selectivity for the Stop cue itself, whereas prototypic neurons respond later and more weakly. T... -
2Citation{ref}
sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference18 Functional dissociation of prototypic vs arkypallidal GPe neurons across recording and perturbation studies. CAVEAT: rows are heterogeneous in task and preparation (stop-signal recording, voluntary-movement recording, parkinsonian DBS, computational simulation) and are aligned by a shared functional axis rather than a single quantitative metric, so the comparison is qualitative. CAVEAT: 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference19 did not... -
2Citation{ref}
sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference20 Functional dissociation of prototypic vs arkypallidal GPe neurons across recording and perturbation studies. CAVEAT: rows are heterogeneous in task and preparation (stop-signal recording, voluntary-movement recording, parkinsonian DBS, computational simulation) and are aligned by a shared functional axis rather than a single quantitative metric, so the comparison is qualitative. CAVEAT: 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference21 did not... -
2Citation{ref}
sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference22 The dissociation extends beyond stop-signal performance. 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference23 showed during voluntary movement that prototypic GPe neurons heterogeneously decrease firing while arkypallidal neurons robustly increase firing, a pattern consistent with prototypic neurons disinhibiting selected motor channels and arkypallidal neurons providing a brake against unintended channels. 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference24 provided the strongest causal evi... -
2Citation{ref}
sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference25 The dissociation extends beyond stop-signal performance. 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference26 showed during voluntary movement that prototypic GPe neurons heterogeneously decrease firing while arkypallidal neurons robustly increase firing, a pattern consistent with prototypic neurons disinhibiting selected motor channels and arkypallidal neurons providing a brake against unintended channels. 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference27 provided the strongest causal evi... -
2Citation{ref}
sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference28 The dissociation extends beyond stop-signal performance. 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference29 showed during voluntary movement that prototypic GPe neurons heterogeneously decrease firing while arkypallidal neurons robustly increase firing, a pattern consistent with prototypic neurons disinhibiting selected motor channels and arkypallidal neurons providing a brake against unintended channels. 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference30 provided the strongest causal evi... -
2Citation{ref}
sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference31 The dissociation extends beyond stop-signal performance. 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference32 showed during voluntary movement that prototypic GPe neurons heterogeneously decrease firing while arkypallidal neurons robustly increase firing, a pattern consistent with prototypic neurons disinhibiting selected motor channels and arkypallidal neurons providing a brake against unintended channels. 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference33 provided the strongest causal evi... -
2Citation{ref}
sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference34 The dissociation extends beyond stop-signal performance. 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference35 showed during voluntary movement that prototypic GPe neurons heterogeneously decrease firing while arkypallidal neurons robustly increase firing, a pattern consistent with prototypic neurons disinhibiting selected motor channels and arkypallidal neurons providing a brake against unintended channels. 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference36 provided the strongest causal evi... -
2Citation{ref}
sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference37 Cell-type heterogeneity in GPe answers part of 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference38’s original question about how the basal ganglia select: the surround inhibition that suppresses competing motor programs has at least three substrates working at different timescales. The first is the canonical indirect pathway 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference39. The second is the cortico-subthalamic-pallidal hyperdirect pathway, which conveys excitation from motor... -
2Citation{ref}
sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference40 Cell-type heterogeneity in GPe answers part of 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference41’s original question about how the basal ganglia select: the surround inhibition that suppresses competing motor programs has at least three substrates working at different timescales. The first is the canonical indirect pathway 2Citation{ref}sec-striatal-outputdissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour does, howeve...content/sec_05_pallidal_organization.md:line 3Open reference42. The second is the cortico-subthalamic-pallidal hyperdirect pathway, which conveys excitation from motor... -
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References
- [Albin1989] “{ref}`sec-striatal-output` dissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour *does*, howeve...”
- [DeLong1990] “{ref}`sec-striatal-output` dissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour *does*, howeve...”
- [MINK1996] “{ref}`sec-striatal-output` dissected striatal output into D1- and D2-receptor projection neurons whose differential influence over the basal-ganglia macrocircuit is now well documented, but left open the question of how the GPe split between prototypic and arkypallidal cell classes actually integrates that dual-pathway striatal output into a coherent action-control signal. What that division of labour *does*, howeve...”
- [Lanciego2012] “The classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...”
- [Sato2000a] “The classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...”
- [Sato2000b] “The classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...”
- [BOLAM2000] “The classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...”
- [Mallet2012] “The classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...”
- [Abdi2015] “The classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...”
- [Hernandez2015b] “The classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...”
- [Hegeman2016] “The classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...”
- [Mastro2017] “The classical model treated the GPe as a uniform GABAergic population whose only inputs of consequence were the striatopallidal D2-SPNs and whose only outputs of consequence were the subthalamic nucleus (STN), GPi and SNr [Albin1989, DeLong1990, Lanciego2012]. Three lines of evidence pried this picture apart. First, single-axon reconstructions in primates revealed that individual GPe neurons send collaterals to *mul...”
- [Dodson2015] “The cross-study comparison has a known caveat: the marker schemes are correlated but not equivalent ({numref}`fig-sec5-gpe-cell-class-proportions`). Mouse PV+ overlaps heavily but not perfectly with rat Nkx2-1/Lhx6+ prototypic cells, and the arkypallidal class is variably defined by PPE+, FoxP2+, or Npas1+ depending on the study [Mallet2012, Abdi2015, Hernandez2015b]. [Dodson2015] independently confirmed a developme...”
- [Glajch2016] “A first conflict therefore deserves explicit billing. [BOLAM2000] reported, on anatomical grounds, that ≈25% of GPe neurons project back to striatum and preferentially contact GABAergic interneurons. The [Mallet2012] and [Hernandez2015b] follow-ups showed that the back-projecting class is a *distinct* arkypallidal population whose striatal contacts include both interneurons *and* spiny projection neurons, and that t...”
- [Cui2021] “A first conflict therefore deserves explicit billing. [BOLAM2000] reported, on anatomical grounds, that ≈25% of GPe neurons project back to striatum and preferentially contact GABAergic interneurons. The [Mallet2012] and [Hernandez2015b] follow-ups showed that the back-projecting class is a *distinct* arkypallidal population whose striatal contacts include both interneurons *and* spiny projection neurons, and that t...”
- [Mallet2016] “What do prototypic and arkypallidal neurons *do*? The most striking dissociation comes from the stop-signal task ({numref}`fig-sec5-arkypallidal-vs-prototypic-stop`). [Mallet2016] recorded identified GPe neurons during action cancellation and showed that arkypallidal neurons emit earlier and stronger Stop responses, with selectivity for the Stop cue itself, whereas prototypic neurons respond later and more weakly. T...”
- [Guilhemsang2024] “What do prototypic and arkypallidal neurons *do*? The most striking dissociation comes from the stop-signal task ({numref}`fig-sec5-arkypallidal-vs-prototypic-stop`). [Mallet2016] recorded identified GPe neurons during action cancellation and showed that arkypallidal neurons emit earlier and stronger Stop responses, with selectivity for the Stop cue itself, whereas prototypic neurons respond later and more weakly. T...”
- [Schmidt2013] “What do prototypic and arkypallidal neurons *do*? The most striking dissociation comes from the stop-signal task ({numref}`fig-sec5-arkypallidal-vs-prototypic-stop`). [Mallet2016] recorded identified GPe neurons during action cancellation and showed that arkypallidal neurons emit earlier and stronger Stop responses, with selectivity for the Stop cue itself, whereas prototypic neurons respond later and more weakly. T...”
- [Aron2006] “What do prototypic and arkypallidal neurons *do*? The most striking dissociation comes from the stop-signal task ({numref}`fig-sec5-arkypallidal-vs-prototypic-stop`). [Mallet2016] recorded identified GPe neurons during action cancellation and showed that arkypallidal neurons emit earlier and stronger Stop responses, with selectivity for the Stop cue itself, whereas prototypic neurons respond later and more weakly. T...”
- [Giossi2024] “What do prototypic and arkypallidal neurons *do*? The most striking dissociation comes from the stop-signal task ({numref}`fig-sec5-arkypallidal-vs-prototypic-stop`). [Mallet2016] recorded identified GPe neurons during action cancellation and showed that arkypallidal neurons emit earlier and stronger Stop responses, with selectivity for the Stop cue itself, whereas prototypic neurons respond later and more weakly. T...”
- [Apicella2025] “The dissociation extends beyond stop-signal performance. [Dodson2015] showed during voluntary movement that prototypic GPe neurons heterogeneously decrease firing while arkypallidal neurons robustly *increase* firing, a pattern consistent with prototypic neurons disinhibiting selected motor channels and arkypallidal neurons providing a brake against unintended channels. [Mastro2017] provided the strongest causal evi...”
- [Jackson2025] “The dissociation extends beyond stop-signal performance. [Dodson2015] showed during voluntary movement that prototypic GPe neurons heterogeneously decrease firing while arkypallidal neurons robustly *increase* firing, a pattern consistent with prototypic neurons disinhibiting selected motor channels and arkypallidal neurons providing a brake against unintended channels. [Mastro2017] provided the strongest causal evi...”
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