Acetylcholine: Brain-Wide Modulation of Attention, Memory, and Cortical State

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^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference} Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections ^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference} Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections ^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference} Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections ^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference} Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections ^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference} Recent work has identified the laminar architecture through which ACh reshapes cortical processing. ^{2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference} found that layer 6 pyramidal neurons are enriched in diverse nicotinic and muscarinic receptor transcripts and receive fast cholinergic excitation comparable in magnitude to that observed in layer 1 interneurons — the canonical target of basal forebrain input. In vivo optogenetic activation of BFCN axons...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}0 Recent work has identified the laminar architecture through which ACh reshapes cortical processing. ^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}1 found that layer 6 pyramidal neurons are enriched in diverse nicotinic and muscarinic receptor transcripts and receive fast cholinergic excitation comparable in magnitude to that observed in layer 1 interneurons — the canonical target of basal forebrain input. In vivo optogenetic activation of BFCN axons...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}2 The development of genetically encoded ACh sensors has enabled direct measurement of cholinergic dynamics during behavior. ^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}3 demonstrated that GRAB-ACh sensor fluorescence in cortex is highly correlated with basal forebrain axon calcium activity and can be accurately predicted from axonal signals alone, providing the first validation that neuromodulator axon activity serves as a reliable proxy for nearby...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}4 The development of genetically encoded ACh sensors has enabled direct measurement of cholinergic dynamics during behavior. ^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}5 demonstrated that GRAB-ACh sensor fluorescence in cortex is highly correlated with basal forebrain axon calcium activity and can be accurately predicted from axonal signals alone, providing the first validation that neuromodulator axon activity serves as a reliable proxy for nearby...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}6 The functional consequences of cortical ACh extend well beyond simple desynchronization. ACh globally modulates cortical inhibitory neuron subtypes during locomotion, with distinct interneuron classes showing different activation patterns across multiple cortical regions simultaneously ^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}7. In visual cortex, cholinergic input signals movement state and acutely enhances layer 5 responses ^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}8, consisten...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}9 The functional consequences of cortical ACh extend well beyond simple desynchronization. ACh globally modulates cortical inhibitory neuron subtypes during locomotion, with distinct interneuron classes showing different activation patterns across multiple cortical regions simultaneously ^{2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}0. In visual cortex, cholinergic input signals movement state and acutely enhances layer 5 responses ^{2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}1, consisten...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}2 The functional consequences of cortical ACh extend well beyond simple desynchronization. ACh globally modulates cortical inhibitory neuron subtypes during locomotion, with distinct interneuron classes showing different activation patterns across multiple cortical regions simultaneously ^{2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}3. In visual cortex, cholinergic input signals movement state and acutely enhances layer 5 responses ^{2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}4, consisten...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}5 The functional consequences of cortical ACh extend well beyond simple desynchronization. ACh globally modulates cortical inhibitory neuron subtypes during locomotion, with distinct interneuron classes showing different activation patterns across multiple cortical regions simultaneously ^{2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}6. In visual cortex, cholinergic input signals movement state and acutely enhances layer 5 responses ^{2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}7, consisten...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}8 The functional consequences of cortical ACh extend well beyond simple desynchronization. ACh globally modulates cortical inhibitory neuron subtypes during locomotion, with distinct interneuron classes showing different activation patterns across multiple cortical regions simultaneously ^{2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}9. In visual cortex, cholinergic input signals movement state and acutely enhances layer 5 responses ^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}0, consisten...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}1 The functional consequences of cortical ACh extend well beyond simple desynchronization. ACh globally modulates cortical inhibitory neuron subtypes during locomotion, with distinct interneuron classes showing different activation patterns across multiple cortical regions simultaneously ^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}2. In visual cortex, cholinergic input signals movement state and acutely enhances layer 5 responses ^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}3, consisten...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}4 The functional consequences of cortical ACh extend well beyond simple desynchronization. ACh globally modulates cortical inhibitory neuron subtypes during locomotion, with distinct interneuron classes showing different activation patterns across multiple cortical regions simultaneously ^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}5. In visual cortex, cholinergic input signals movement state and acutely enhances layer 5 responses ^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}6, consisten...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}7 The functional consequences of cortical ACh extend well beyond simple desynchronization. ACh globally modulates cortical inhibitory neuron subtypes during locomotion, with distinct interneuron classes showing different activation patterns across multiple cortical regions simultaneously ^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}8. In visual cortex, cholinergic input signals movement state and acutely enhances layer 5 responses ^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}9, consisten...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}0 The functional consequences of cortical ACh extend well beyond simple desynchronization. ACh globally modulates cortical inhibitory neuron subtypes during locomotion, with distinct interneuron classes showing different activation patterns across multiple cortical regions simultaneously ^{3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}1. In visual cortex, cholinergic input signals movement state and acutely enhances layer 5 responses ^{3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}2, consisten...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}3 Human PET imaging has revealed that cortical cholinergic innervation is not uniform but disproportionately targets the midcingulo-insular network relevant to salience processing ^{3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}4. This preferential innervation of attentional networks suggests that the “brain-wide” reach of the cholinergic system is in fact structured to prioritize circuits involved in detecting behaviorally relevant stimuli.
^{3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}5 The clinical relevance of cortical cholinergic modulation is supported by several lines of evidence. Nucleus basalis cholinergic stimulation improves motor but not sensory recovery after photothrombotic stroke in mice ^{3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}6, suggesting that ACh’s therapeutic effects may be domain-specific rather than globally facilitative. NBM cholinergic neurons also modulate chronic pain-like behavior via regulation of n...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}7 The clinical relevance of cortical cholinergic modulation is supported by several lines of evidence. Nucleus basalis cholinergic stimulation improves motor but not sensory recovery after photothrombotic stroke in mice ^{3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}8, suggesting that ACh’s therapeutic effects may be domain-specific rather than globally facilitative. NBM cholinergic neurons also modulate chronic pain-like behavior via regulation of n...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}9 The clinical relevance of cortical cholinergic modulation is supported by several lines of evidence. Nucleus basalis cholinergic stimulation improves motor but not sensory recovery after photothrombotic stroke in mice ^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}0, suggesting that ACh’s therapeutic effects may be domain-specific rather than globally facilitative. NBM cholinergic neurons also modulate chronic pain-like behavior via regulation of n...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}1 The clinical relevance of cortical cholinergic modulation is supported by several lines of evidence. Nucleus basalis cholinergic stimulation improves motor but not sensory recovery after photothrombotic stroke in mice ^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}2, suggesting that ACh’s therapeutic effects may be domain-specific rather than globally facilitative. NBM cholinergic neurons also modulate chronic pain-like behavior via regulation of n...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}3 The clinical relevance of cortical cholinergic modulation is supported by several lines of evidence. Nucleus basalis cholinergic stimulation improves motor but not sensory recovery after photothrombotic stroke in mice ^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}4, suggesting that ACh’s therapeutic effects may be domain-specific rather than globally facilitative. NBM cholinergic neurons also modulate chronic pain-like behavior via regulation of n...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}5 A cautionary note comes from early lesion studies. Selective cholinergic immunotoxin (192 IgG-saporin) lesions of the basal forebrain produce changes in electrocortical power and coherence that may not entirely reflect the loss of cholinergic neurons per se ^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}6, since the toxin also damages non-cholinergic neurons expressing p75 receptors. This methodological concern applies to much of the older lesio...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}7 Beyond the adult cortex, α7 nicotinic ACh receptors regulate radial glia fate in developing human cortex, and prenatal nicotine exposure impairs fetal cortical development ^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}8 — a finding with direct implications for understanding developmental consequences of nicotine exposure.
^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}9 The septohippocampal cholinergic pathway has long been considered central to hippocampal theta oscillations and memory function. The evidence for a direct cholinergic contribution to theta generation comes in part from lesion studies. ^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}0 demonstrated that selective destruction of cholinergic medial septal neurons by 192 IgG-saporin reduces the proportion of rhythmically bursting (RB) septohippocampal neur...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}1 The septohippocampal cholinergic pathway has long been considered central to hippocampal theta oscillations and memory function. The evidence for a direct cholinergic contribution to theta generation comes in part from lesion studies. ^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}2 demonstrated that selective destruction of cholinergic medial septal neurons by 192 IgG-saporin reduces the proportion of rhythmically bursting (RB) septohippocampal neur...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}3 The septal regulation of hippocampal theta is itself subject to local circuit control. Optogenetic suppression of lateral septum somatostatin neurons enhances hippocampal cholinergic theta ^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}4, identifying septal SST interneurons as gatekeepers of theta generation and suggesting that the medial septum does not act as a simple cholinergic pacemaker but rather as a circuit whose output is shaped by local in...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}5 The septal regulation of hippocampal theta is itself subject to local circuit control. Optogenetic suppression of lateral septum somatostatin neurons enhances hippocampal cholinergic theta ^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}6, identifying septal SST interneurons as gatekeepers of theta generation and suggesting that the medial septum does not act as a simple cholinergic pacemaker but rather as a circuit whose output is shaped by local in...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}7 The septal regulation of hippocampal theta is itself subject to local circuit control. Optogenetic suppression of lateral septum somatostatin neurons enhances hippocampal cholinergic theta ^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}8, identifying septal SST interneurons as gatekeepers of theta generation and suggesting that the medial septum does not act as a simple cholinergic pacemaker but rather as a circuit whose output is shaped by local in...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}9 The septal regulation of hippocampal theta is itself subject to local circuit control. Optogenetic suppression of lateral septum somatostatin neurons enhances hippocampal cholinergic theta ^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}0, identifying septal SST interneurons as gatekeepers of theta generation and suggesting that the medial septum does not act as a simple cholinergic pacemaker but rather as a circuit whose output is shaped by local in...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}1 The septal regulation of hippocampal theta is itself subject to local circuit control. Optogenetic suppression of lateral septum somatostatin neurons enhances hippocampal cholinergic theta ^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}2, identifying septal SST interneurons as gatekeepers of theta generation and suggesting that the medial septum does not act as a simple cholinergic pacemaker but rather as a circuit whose output is shaped by local in...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}3 The septal regulation of hippocampal theta is itself subject to local circuit control. Optogenetic suppression of lateral septum somatostatin neurons enhances hippocampal cholinergic theta ^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}4, identifying septal SST interneurons as gatekeepers of theta generation and suggesting that the medial septum does not act as a simple cholinergic pacemaker but rather as a circuit whose output is shaped by local in...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}5 The influential encoding/retrieval switching model proposes that ACh levels set hippocampal mode: high ACh during encoding (suppressing CA3 recurrent connections to favor new input) and low ACh during retrieval (permitting pattern completion). A computational implementation of this model by ^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}6 supports the hypothesis that ACh can orchestrate encoding and retrieval at different phases of the theta cycle...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}7 The influential encoding/retrieval switching model proposes that ACh levels set hippocampal mode: high ACh during encoding (suppressing CA3 recurrent connections to favor new input) and low ACh during retrieval (permitting pattern completion). A computational implementation of this model by ^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}8 supports the hypothesis that ACh can orchestrate encoding and retrieval at different phases of the theta cycle...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}9 Sex differences add further complexity. Males show impaired hippocampal-dependent learning after early-life seizures compared to females, an effect linked to sex differences in cholinergic signaling affecting theta-gamma coordination ^{2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}0. The cholinergic system’s role extends beyond spatial memory to include social memory, as medial septal cholinergic neurotransmission is essential for social memory in mice [...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}1 Sex differences add further complexity. Males show impaired hippocampal-dependent learning after early-life seizures compared to females, an effect linked to sex differences in cholinergic signaling affecting theta-gamma coordination ^{2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}2. The cholinergic system’s role extends beyond spatial memory to include social memory, as medial septal cholinergic neurotransmission is essential for social memory in mice [...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}3 Perhaps the most important revision to our understanding of the basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic system is the recognition that the BF is not a homogeneous cholinergic structure. It contains intermingled cholinergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic projection neurons with distinct functions, and even the “cholinergic” neurons co-release other transmitters ^{2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}4.
^{2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}5 Perhaps the most important revision to our understanding of the basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic system is the recognition that the BF is not a homogeneous cholinergic structure. It contains intermingled cholinergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic projection neurons with distinct functions, and even the “cholinergic” neurons co-release other transmitters ^{2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}6.
^{2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}7 Perhaps the most important revision to our understanding of the basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic system is the recognition that the BF is not a homogeneous cholinergic structure. It contains intermingled cholinergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic projection neurons with distinct functions, and even the “cholinergic” neurons co-release other transmitters ^{2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}8.
^{2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}9 Perhaps the most important revision to our understanding of the basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic system is the recognition that the BF is not a homogeneous cholinergic structure. It contains intermingled cholinergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic projection neurons with distinct functions, and even the “cholinergic” neurons co-release other transmitters ^{2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}0.
^{2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}1 The discovery of co-transmission from BF cholinergic neurons fundamentally complicates the interpretation of decades of studies that attributed BF stimulation or lesion effects to ACh alone. In a landmark single-cell study, ^{2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}2 demonstrated that 34 of 36 cultured rat BF neurons released glutamate (94%), confirmed by blockade with kynurenic acid, and that in 6 of 6 tested cells the glutamatergic EPSC was acco...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}3 The discovery of co-transmission from BF cholinergic neurons fundamentally complicates the interpretation of decades of studies that attributed BF stimulation or lesion effects to ACh alone. In a landmark single-cell study, ^{2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}4 demonstrated that 34 of 36 cultured rat BF neurons released glutamate (94%), confirmed by blockade with kynurenic acid, and that in 6 of 6 tested cells the glutamatergic EPSC was acco...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}5 Beyond glutamate, ACh and GABA are co-released from BF cortically-projecting neurons and from medial septum hippocampal-projecting neurons ^{2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}6. GABAergic gene expression in forebrain cholinergic neurons is developmentally regulated, with co-expression emerging postnatally ^{2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}7. BF cholinergic neurons are themselves functional from embryonic day 18, constituting a single population of early-firing...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}8 Beyond glutamate, ACh and GABA are co-released from BF cortically-projecting neurons and from medial septum hippocampal-projecting neurons ^{2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}9. GABAergic gene expression in forebrain cholinergic neurons is developmentally regulated, with co-expression emerging postnatally ^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}00. BF cholinergic neurons are themselves functional from embryonic day 18, constituting a single population of early-firing...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}01 Beyond glutamate, ACh and GABA are co-released from BF cortically-projecting neurons and from medial septum hippocampal-projecting neurons ^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}02. GABAergic gene expression in forebrain cholinergic neurons is developmentally regulated, with co-expression emerging postnatally ^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}03. BF cholinergic neurons are themselves functional from embryonic day 18, constituting a single population of early-firing...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}04 GABAergic projections from the BF exert effects that are functionally distinct from cholinergic modulation. ^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}05 demonstrated that GABAergic neurons from the posterior nucleus basalis and globus pallidus exert frequency-specific modulation on auditory cortex and enhance auditory attention, an effect mechanistically distinct from cholinergic desynchronization. Cell-type-specific optogenetic fMRI reveals that...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}06 GABAergic projections from the BF exert effects that are functionally distinct from cholinergic modulation. ^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}07 demonstrated that GABAergic neurons from the posterior nucleus basalis and globus pallidus exert frequency-specific modulation on auditory cortex and enhance auditory attention, an effect mechanistically distinct from cholinergic desynchronization. Cell-type-specific optogenetic fMRI reveals that...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}08 GABAergic projections from the BF exert effects that are functionally distinct from cholinergic modulation. ^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}09 demonstrated that GABAergic neurons from the posterior nucleus basalis and globus pallidus exert frequency-specific modulation on auditory cortex and enhance auditory attention, an effect mechanistically distinct from cholinergic desynchronization. Cell-type-specific optogenetic fMRI reveals that...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}10 GABAergic projections from the BF exert effects that are functionally distinct from cholinergic modulation. ^{1Citationpaper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-1db5e36a77e7Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-013d8c46dd2dAmong the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...content/04_acetylcholine.md:line 7Open reference}11 demonstrated that GABAergic neurons from the posterior nucleus basalis and globus pallidus exert frequency-specific modulation on auditory cortex and enhance auditory attention, an effect mechanistically distinct from cholinergic desynchronization. Cell-type-specific optogenetic fMRI reveals that...
... 55 additional anchors in refs_json

References

[Kalmbach2014] paper:paper-ea1cbd1598b3 “Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...”
[Vattino2025] paper:paper-1db5e36a77e7 “Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...”
[Neyhart2023] paper:paper-013d8c46dd2d “Among the best-established functions of ACh is cortical desynchronization: the suppression of low-frequency synchronous activity that accompanies attentional engagement and arousal. The mechanistic basis of this effect has been substantially refined by optogenetic approaches that permit cell-type-specific interrogation of cholinergic projections [Kalmbach2014, Vattino2025, Neyhart2023]. Kalmbach and Waters demonstra...”
[Jing2020] paper:paper-e6afd02e6629 “The development of genetically encoded ACh sensors has enabled direct measurement of cholinergic dynamics during behavior. [Neyhart2023] demonstrated that GRAB-ACh sensor fluorescence in cortex is highly correlated with basal forebrain axon calcium activity and can be accurately predicted from axonal signals alone, providing the first validation that neuromodulator axon activity serves as a reliable proxy for nearby...”
[Ren2022] paper:paper-230207e51d3b “The functional consequences of cortical ACh extend well beyond simple desynchronization. ACh globally modulates cortical inhibitory neuron subtypes during locomotion, with distinct interneuron classes showing different activation patterns across multiple cortical regions simultaneously [Ren2022]. In visual cortex, cholinergic input signals movement state and acutely enhances layer 5 responses [Yogesh2024], consisten...”
[Yogesh2024] paper:paper-cfb8b3f0ebe5 “The functional consequences of cortical ACh extend well beyond simple desynchronization. ACh globally modulates cortical inhibitory neuron subtypes during locomotion, with distinct interneuron classes showing different activation patterns across multiple cortical regions simultaneously [Ren2022]. In visual cortex, cholinergic input signals movement state and acutely enhances layer 5 responses [Yogesh2024], consisten...”
[Handa2024] paper:paper-6f384a231fa0 “The functional consequences of cortical ACh extend well beyond simple desynchronization. ACh globally modulates cortical inhibitory neuron subtypes during locomotion, with distinct interneuron classes showing different activation patterns across multiple cortical regions simultaneously [Ren2022]. In visual cortex, cholinergic input signals movement state and acutely enhances layer 5 responses [Yogesh2024], consisten...”
[Moberly2025] paper:paper-f423e6fe4053 “The functional consequences of cortical ACh extend well beyond simple desynchronization. ACh globally modulates cortical inhibitory neuron subtypes during locomotion, with distinct interneuron classes showing different activation patterns across multiple cortical regions simultaneously [Ren2022]. In visual cortex, cholinergic input signals movement state and acutely enhances layer 5 responses [Yogesh2024], consisten...”
[Tsolias2024] paper:paper-40d5819738b9 “The functional consequences of cortical ACh extend well beyond simple desynchronization. ACh globally modulates cortical inhibitory neuron subtypes during locomotion, with distinct interneuron classes showing different activation patterns across multiple cortical regions simultaneously [Ren2022]. In visual cortex, cholinergic input signals movement state and acutely enhances layer 5 responses [Yogesh2024], consisten...”
[Chakraborty2024b] paper:paper-85889a6e9e97 “Human PET imaging has revealed that cortical cholinergic innervation is not uniform but disproportionately targets the midcingulo-insular network relevant to salience processing [Chakraborty2024b]. This preferential innervation of attentional networks suggests that the "brain-wide" reach of the cholinergic system is in fact structured to prioritize circuits involved in detecting behaviorally relevant stimuli.”
[MirzaAgha2021] paper:paper-84898876eed9 “The clinical relevance of cortical cholinergic modulation is supported by several lines of evidence. Nucleus basalis cholinergic stimulation improves motor but not sensory recovery after photothrombotic stroke in mice [MirzaAgha2021], suggesting that ACh's therapeutic effects may be domain-specific rather than globally facilitative. NBM cholinergic neurons also modulate chronic pain-like behavior via regulation of n...”
[Oswald2022] paper:paper-fbfa1bd476c8 “The clinical relevance of cortical cholinergic modulation is supported by several lines of evidence. Nucleus basalis cholinergic stimulation improves motor but not sensory recovery after photothrombotic stroke in mice [MirzaAgha2021], suggesting that ACh's therapeutic effects may be domain-specific rather than globally facilitative. NBM cholinergic neurons also modulate chronic pain-like behavior via regulation of n...”
[Wang2021] paper:paper-078d5385af4a “The clinical relevance of cortical cholinergic modulation is supported by several lines of evidence. Nucleus basalis cholinergic stimulation improves motor but not sensory recovery after photothrombotic stroke in mice [MirzaAgha2021], suggesting that ACh's therapeutic effects may be domain-specific rather than globally facilitative. NBM cholinergic neurons also modulate chronic pain-like behavior via regulation of n...”
[Li2023] paper:paper-9f015aca1e2b “The clinical relevance of cortical cholinergic modulation is supported by several lines of evidence. Nucleus basalis cholinergic stimulation improves motor but not sensory recovery after photothrombotic stroke in mice [MirzaAgha2021], suggesting that ACh's therapeutic effects may be domain-specific rather than globally facilitative. NBM cholinergic neurons also modulate chronic pain-like behavior via regulation of n...”
[Kjaerby2025] paper:paper-5fa623cb6f40 “The clinical relevance of cortical cholinergic modulation is supported by several lines of evidence. Nucleus basalis cholinergic stimulation improves motor but not sensory recovery after photothrombotic stroke in mice [MirzaAgha2021], suggesting that ACh's therapeutic effects may be domain-specific rather than globally facilitative. NBM cholinergic neurons also modulate chronic pain-like behavior via regulation of n...”
[Holschneider1999] paper:paper-355a830753c3 “A cautionary note comes from early lesion studies. Selective cholinergic immunotoxin (192 IgG-saporin) lesions of the basal forebrain produce changes in electrocortical power and coherence that may not entirely reflect the loss of cholinergic neurons per se [Holschneider1999], since the toxin also damages non-cholinergic neurons expressing p75 receptors. This methodological concern applies to much of the older lesio...”
[Mukhtar2025] paper:paper-65aac387f81a “Beyond the adult cortex, α7 nicotinic ACh receptors regulate radial glia fate in developing human cortex, and prenatal nicotine exposure impairs fetal cortical development [Mukhtar2025] — a finding with direct implications for understanding developmental consequences of nicotine exposure.”
[Apartis1998] paper:paper-fecc55f0a0e1 “The septohippocampal cholinergic pathway has long been considered central to hippocampal theta oscillations and memory function. The evidence for a direct cholinergic contribution to theta generation comes in part from lesion studies. [Apartis1998] demonstrated that selective destruction of cholinergic medial septal neurons by 192 IgG-saporin reduces the proportion of rhythmically bursting (RB) septohippocampal neur...”
[Wu2003] paper:paper-8a89ff830c1f “The septohippocampal cholinergic pathway has long been considered central to hippocampal theta oscillations and memory function. The evidence for a direct cholinergic contribution to theta generation comes in part from lesion studies. [Apartis1998] demonstrated that selective destruction of cholinergic medial septal neurons by 192 IgG-saporin reduces the proportion of rhythmically bursting (RB) septohippocampal neur...”
[Espinosa2022] paper:paper-c0d46e76ab17 “The septal regulation of hippocampal theta is itself subject to local circuit control. Optogenetic suppression of lateral septum somatostatin neurons enhances hippocampal cholinergic theta [Espinosa2022], identifying septal SST interneurons as gatekeepers of theta generation and suggesting that the medial septum does not act as a simple cholinergic pacemaker but rather as a circuit whose output is shaped by local in...”
[Gu2024a] paper:paper-71988ab09025 “The septal regulation of hippocampal theta is itself subject to local circuit control. Optogenetic suppression of lateral septum somatostatin neurons enhances hippocampal cholinergic theta [Espinosa2022], identifying septal SST interneurons as gatekeepers of theta generation and suggesting that the medial septum does not act as a simple cholinergic pacemaker but rather as a circuit whose output is shaped by local in...”
[Pirazzini2025] paper:paper-651dfc808ae7 “The influential encoding/retrieval switching model proposes that ACh levels set hippocampal mode: high ACh during encoding (suppressing CA3 recurrent connections to favor new input) and low ACh during retrieval (permitting pattern completion). A computational implementation of this model by [Pirazzini2025] supports the hypothesis that ACh can orchestrate encoding and retrieval at different phases of the theta cycle...”
[Kloc2024] paper:paper-9bf299e1fd51 “Sex differences add further complexity. Males show impaired hippocampal-dependent learning after early-life seizures compared to females, an effect linked to sex differences in cholinergic signaling affecting theta-gamma coordination [Kloc2024]. The cholinergic system's role extends beyond spatial memory to include social memory, as medial septal cholinergic neurotransmission is essential for social memory in mice [...”
[Shivakumar2025] paper:paper-41454fdcce65 “Sex differences add further complexity. Males show impaired hippocampal-dependent learning after early-life seizures compared to females, an effect linked to sex differences in cholinergic signaling affecting theta-gamma coordination [Kloc2024]. The cholinergic system's role extends beyond spatial memory to include social memory, as medial septal cholinergic neurotransmission is essential for social memory in mice [...”
[Allen2006] paper:paper-0a97bc2b6df3 “Perhaps the most important revision to our understanding of the basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic system is the recognition that the BF is not a homogeneous cholinergic structure. It contains intermingled cholinergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic projection neurons with distinct functions, and even the "cholinergic" neurons co-release other transmitters [Allen2006, Granger2023, Thomas2025, Zou2024].”
[Granger2023] paper:paper-9fd53bd28bb3 “Perhaps the most important revision to our understanding of the basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic system is the recognition that the BF is not a homogeneous cholinergic structure. It contains intermingled cholinergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic projection neurons with distinct functions, and even the "cholinergic" neurons co-release other transmitters [Allen2006, Granger2023, Thomas2025, Zou2024].”
[Thomas2025] paper:paper-751042e17e2a “Perhaps the most important revision to our understanding of the basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic system is the recognition that the BF is not a homogeneous cholinergic structure. It contains intermingled cholinergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic projection neurons with distinct functions, and even the "cholinergic" neurons co-release other transmitters [Allen2006, Granger2023, Thomas2025, Zou2024].”
[Zou2024] paper:paper-ade9450d3b73 “Perhaps the most important revision to our understanding of the basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic system is the recognition that the BF is not a homogeneous cholinergic structure. It contains intermingled cholinergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic projection neurons with distinct functions, and even the "cholinergic" neurons co-release other transmitters [Allen2006, Granger2023, Thomas2025, Zou2024].”
[Lozovaya2024] paper:paper-08bedae68e39 “Beyond glutamate, ACh and GABA are co-released from BF cortically-projecting neurons and from medial septum hippocampal-projecting neurons [Granger2023]. GABAergic gene expression in forebrain cholinergic neurons is developmentally regulated, with co-expression emerging postnatally [Granger2023]. BF cholinergic neurons are themselves functional from embryonic day 18, constituting a single population of early-firing...”
[Bohm2020] paper:paper-e3805ff32255 “GABAergic projections from the BF exert effects that are functionally distinct from cholinergic modulation. [Thomas2025] demonstrated that GABAergic neurons from the posterior nucleus basalis and globus pallidus exert frequency-specific modulation on auditory cortex and enhance auditory attention, an effect mechanistically distinct from cholinergic desynchronization. Cell-type-specific optogenetic fMRI reveals that...”
[DeSaintJan2022] paper:paper-b970c943481f “GABAergic projections from the BF exert effects that are functionally distinct from cholinergic modulation. [Thomas2025] demonstrated that GABAergic neurons from the posterior nucleus basalis and globus pallidus exert frequency-specific modulation on auditory cortex and enhance auditory attention, an effect mechanistically distinct from cholinergic desynchronization. Cell-type-specific optogenetic fMRI reveals that...”

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