Local Circuit Motifs: Perisomatic Inhibition, Feedback, and Feedforward
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1CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference The preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua... -
2CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference The preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua... -
3CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference The preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua... -
4CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference The preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua... -
5CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference The preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua... -
6CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference The preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua... -
7CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference The preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua... -
1CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference Feedforward inhibition (FFI) — the recruitment of local inhibitory neurons by an afferent pathway to constrain excitation of downstream principal cells — is arguably the most thoroughly characterized circuit motif involving PV interneurons 1CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference, 8CitationFeedforward inhibition (FFI) — the recruitment of local inhibitory neurons by an afferent pathway to constrain excitation of downstream principal cells — is arguably the most thoroughly characterized circuit motif involving PV interneurons [Isaacson2011inhibition,Cruikshank2010pathway]. The canonical circuit operates through thalamocortical (TC) afferents that drive fast-spiking PV interneurons with short latency an...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 8Open reference. The canonical circuit operates through thalamocortical (TC) afferents that drive fast-spiking PV interneurons with short latency an... -
8CitationFeedforward inhibition (FFI) — the recruitment of local inhibitory neurons by an afferent pathway to constrain excitation of downstream principal cells — is arguably the most thoroughly characterized circuit motif involving PV interneurons [Isaacson2011inhibition,Cruikshank2010pathway]. The canonical circuit operates through thalamocortical (TC) afferents that drive fast-spiking PV interneurons with short latency an...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 8Open reference Feedforward inhibition (FFI) — the recruitment of local inhibitory neurons by an afferent pathway to constrain excitation of downstream principal cells — is arguably the most thoroughly characterized circuit motif involving PV interneurons 2CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference0. The canonical circuit operates through thalamocortical (TC) afferents that drive fast-spiking PV interneurons with short latency an... -
2CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference1 Feedforward inhibition (FFI) — the recruitment of local inhibitory neurons by an afferent pathway to constrain excitation of downstream principal cells — is arguably the most thoroughly characterized circuit motif involving PV interneurons 2CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference2. The canonical circuit operates through thalamocortical (TC) afferents that drive fast-spiking PV interneurons with short latency an... -
2CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference3 Feedforward inhibition (FFI) — the recruitment of local inhibitory neurons by an afferent pathway to constrain excitation of downstream principal cells — is arguably the most thoroughly characterized circuit motif involving PV interneurons 2CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference4. The canonical circuit operates through thalamocortical (TC) afferents that drive fast-spiking PV interneurons with short latency an... -
2CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference5 Feedforward inhibition (FFI) — the recruitment of local inhibitory neurons by an afferent pathway to constrain excitation of downstream principal cells — is arguably the most thoroughly characterized circuit motif involving PV interneurons 2CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference6. The canonical circuit operates through thalamocortical (TC) afferents that drive fast-spiking PV interneurons with short latency an... -
2CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference7 The quantitative architecture of this motif is striking. In rat barrel cortex, thalamocortical stimulation evokes action potentials in approximately 60% of inhibitory interneurons but fewer than 5% of excitatory neurons, with firing inhibitory cells receiving five-fold larger TC inputs than non-firing neurons 2CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference8. The resulting inhibition is disproportionately powerful: fast-spiking interneuron-media... -
2CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference9 The quantitative architecture of this motif is striking. In rat barrel cortex, thalamocortical stimulation evokes action potentials in approximately 60% of inhibitory interneurons but fewer than 5% of excitatory neurons, with firing inhibitory cells receiving five-fold larger TC inputs than non-firing neurons 3CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference0. The resulting inhibition is disproportionately powerful: fast-spiking interneuron-media... -
3CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference1 The quantitative architecture of this motif is striking. In rat barrel cortex, thalamocortical stimulation evokes action potentials in approximately 60% of inhibitory interneurons but fewer than 5% of excitatory neurons, with firing inhibitory cells receiving five-fold larger TC inputs than non-firing neurons 3CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference2. The resulting inhibition is disproportionately powerful: fast-spiking interneuron-media... -
3CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference3 The quantitative architecture of this motif is striking. In rat barrel cortex, thalamocortical stimulation evokes action potentials in approximately 60% of inhibitory interneurons but fewer than 5% of excitatory neurons, with firing inhibitory cells receiving five-fold larger TC inputs than non-firing neurons 3CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference4. The resulting inhibition is disproportionately powerful: fast-spiking interneuron-media... -
3CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference5 The cell-type specificity of TC input provides the mechanistic basis for PV-dominated FFI. 3CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference6 demonstrated that thalamocortical axons drive robust synaptic responses in cortical FS interneurons and excitatory cells but only weak responses in SOM interneurons, establishing a clear hierarchy: PV/FS cells are the primary mediators of FFI across the thalamocortical interface [Cruikshank2010pathway,S... -
3CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference7 The cell-type specificity of TC input provides the mechanistic basis for PV-dominated FFI. 3CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference8 demonstrated that thalamocortical axons drive robust synaptic responses in cortical FS interneurons and excitatory cells but only weak responses in SOM interneurons, establishing a clear hierarchy: PV/FS cells are the primary mediators of FFI across the thalamocortical interface [Cruikshank2010pathway,S... -
3CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference9 The cell-type specificity of TC input provides the mechanistic basis for PV-dominated FFI. 4CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference0 demonstrated that thalamocortical axons drive robust synaptic responses in cortical FS interneurons and excitatory cells but only weak responses in SOM interneurons, establishing a clear hierarchy: PV/FS cells are the primary mediators of FFI across the thalamocortical interface [Cruikshank2010pathway,S... -
4CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference1 The cell-type specificity of TC input provides the mechanistic basis for PV-dominated FFI. 4CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference2 demonstrated that thalamocortical axons drive robust synaptic responses in cortical FS interneurons and excitatory cells but only weak responses in SOM interneurons, establishing a clear hierarchy: PV/FS cells are the primary mediators of FFI across the thalamocortical interface [Cruikshank2010pathway,S... -
4CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference3 The cell-type specificity of TC input provides the mechanistic basis for PV-dominated FFI. 4CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference4 demonstrated that thalamocortical axons drive robust synaptic responses in cortical FS interneurons and excitatory cells but only weak responses in SOM interneurons, establishing a clear hierarchy: PV/FS cells are the primary mediators of FFI across the thalamocortical interface [Cruikshank2010pathway,S... -
4CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference5 The cell-type specificity of TC input provides the mechanistic basis for PV-dominated FFI. 4CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference6 demonstrated that thalamocortical axons drive robust synaptic responses in cortical FS interneurons and excitatory cells but only weak responses in SOM interneurons, establishing a clear hierarchy: PV/FS cells are the primary mediators of FFI across the thalamocortical interface [Cruikshank2010pathway,S... -
4CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference7 The cell-type specificity of TC input provides the mechanistic basis for PV-dominated FFI. 4CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference8 demonstrated that thalamocortical axons drive robust synaptic responses in cortical FS interneurons and excitatory cells but only weak responses in SOM interneurons, establishing a clear hierarchy: PV/FS cells are the primary mediators of FFI across the thalamocortical interface [Cruikshank2010pathway,S... -
4CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference9 Yet the universality of this PV dominance in FFI is not absolute, and conflict C24 highlights an important nuance. While 5CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference0 emphasized the overwhelming dominance of FS/PV cells in barrel cortex FFI, 5CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference1 found that diverse interneuron types are recruited by thalamocortical input, with the 60% recruitment rate encompassing multiple inhibitory subtypes rather than exclusively FS cells [Port... -
5CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference2 Yet the universality of this PV dominance in FFI is not absolute, and conflict C24 highlights an important nuance. While 5CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference3 emphasized the overwhelming dominance of FS/PV cells in barrel cortex FFI, 5CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference4 found that diverse interneuron types are recruited by thalamocortical input, with the 60% recruitment rate encompassing multiple inhibitory subtypes rather than exclusively FS cells [Port... -
5CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference5 Yet the universality of this PV dominance in FFI is not absolute, and conflict C24 highlights an important nuance. While 5CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference6 emphasized the overwhelming dominance of FS/PV cells in barrel cortex FFI, 5CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference7 found that diverse interneuron types are recruited by thalamocortical input, with the 60% recruitment rate encompassing multiple inhibitory subtypes rather than exclusively FS cells [Port... -
5CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference8 Yet the universality of this PV dominance in FFI is not absolute, and conflict C24 highlights an important nuance. While 5CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference9 emphasized the overwhelming dominance of FS/PV cells in barrel cortex FFI, 6CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference0 found that diverse interneuron types are recruited by thalamocortical input, with the 60% recruitment rate encompassing multiple inhibitory subtypes rather than exclusively FS cells [Port... -
6CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference1 Yet the universality of this PV dominance in FFI is not absolute, and conflict C24 highlights an important nuance. While 6CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference2 emphasized the overwhelming dominance of FS/PV cells in barrel cortex FFI, 6CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference3 found that diverse interneuron types are recruited by thalamocortical input, with the 60% recruitment rate encompassing multiple inhibitory subtypes rather than exclusively FS cells [Port... -
6CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference4 Yet the universality of this PV dominance in FFI is not absolute, and conflict C24 highlights an important nuance. While 6CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference5 emphasized the overwhelming dominance of FS/PV cells in barrel cortex FFI, 6CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference6 found that diverse interneuron types are recruited by thalamocortical input, with the 60% recruitment rate encompassing multiple inhibitory subtypes rather than exclusively FS cells [Port... -
6CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference7 Beyond sensory cortex, FFI via PV interneurons operates across diverse thalamocortical pathways with pathway-specific tuning. Mediodorsal thalamic input to the anterior cingulate cortex drives PV-mediated feedforward inhibition that limits the temporal integration window for pyramidal neuron firing, with greater flexibility than the more stereotyped FFI observed in primary sensory areas 6CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference8. In... -
6CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference9 Beyond sensory cortex, FFI via PV interneurons operates across diverse thalamocortical pathways with pathway-specific tuning. Mediodorsal thalamic input to the anterior cingulate cortex drives PV-mediated feedforward inhibition that limits the temporal integration window for pyramidal neuron firing, with greater flexibility than the more stereotyped FFI observed in primary sensory areas 7CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference0. In... -
7CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference1 Beyond sensory cortex, FFI via PV interneurons operates across diverse thalamocortical pathways with pathway-specific tuning. Mediodorsal thalamic input to the anterior cingulate cortex drives PV-mediated feedforward inhibition that limits the temporal integration window for pyramidal neuron firing, with greater flexibility than the more stereotyped FFI observed in primary sensory areas 7CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference2. In... -
7CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference3 Beyond sensory cortex, FFI via PV interneurons operates across diverse thalamocortical pathways with pathway-specific tuning. Mediodorsal thalamic input to the anterior cingulate cortex drives PV-mediated feedforward inhibition that limits the temporal integration window for pyramidal neuron firing, with greater flexibility than the more stereotyped FFI observed in primary sensory areas 7CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference4. In... -
7CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference5 Neuromodulatory gating of FFI adds functional flexibility to this architecturally rigid motif. GABA release from fast-spiking cells is robustly inhibited by muscarinic, serotonergic, adenosinergic, and GABA~B~ receptors, and muscarinic suppression of FS cell GABA release specifically suppresses thalamocortical feedforward inhibition to promote thalamocortical excitation 7CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference6. This cholinergic m... -
7CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference7 Neuromodulatory gating of FFI adds functional flexibility to this architecturally rigid motif. GABA release from fast-spiking cells is robustly inhibited by muscarinic, serotonergic, adenosinergic, and GABA~B~ receptors, and muscarinic suppression of FS cell GABA release specifically suppresses thalamocortical feedforward inhibition to promote thalamocortical excitation 7CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference8. This cholinergic m... -
7CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference9 Neuromodulatory gating of FFI adds functional flexibility to this architecturally rigid motif. GABA release from fast-spiking cells is robustly inhibited by muscarinic, serotonergic, adenosinergic, and GABA~B~ receptors, and muscarinic suppression of FS cell GABA release specifically suppresses thalamocortical feedforward inhibition to promote thalamocortical excitation 1CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference0. This cholinergic m... -
1CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference1 Neuromodulatory gating of FFI adds functional flexibility to this architecturally rigid motif. GABA release from fast-spiking cells is robustly inhibited by muscarinic, serotonergic, adenosinergic, and GABA~B~ receptors, and muscarinic suppression of FS cell GABA release specifically suppresses thalamocortical feedforward inhibition to promote thalamocortical excitation 1CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference2. This cholinergic m... -
1CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference3 If feedforward inhibition gates the entry of information into cortical circuits, feedback inhibition — where pyramidal cells recruit PV interneurons that in turn inhibit the same or neighboring pyramidal cells — provides the recurrent control that shapes ongoing cortical computation 1CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference4. The feedback motif is architecturally simple but computationally powerful: local p... -
1CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference5 If feedforward inhibition gates the entry of information into cortical circuits, feedback inhibition — where pyramidal cells recruit PV interneurons that in turn inhibit the same or neighboring pyramidal cells — provides the recurrent control that shapes ongoing cortical computation 1CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference6. The feedback motif is architecturally simple but computationally powerful: local p... -
1CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference7 If feedforward inhibition gates the entry of information into cortical circuits, feedback inhibition — where pyramidal cells recruit PV interneurons that in turn inhibit the same or neighboring pyramidal cells — provides the recurrent control that shapes ongoing cortical computation 1CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference8. The feedback motif is architecturally simple but computationally powerful: local p... -
1CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference9 If feedforward inhibition gates the entry of information into cortical circuits, feedback inhibition — where pyramidal cells recruit PV interneurons that in turn inhibit the same or neighboring pyramidal cells — provides the recurrent control that shapes ongoing cortical computation 1CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference, 8CitationFeedforward inhibition (FFI) — the recruitment of local inhibitory neurons by an afferent pathway to constrain excitation of downstream principal cells — is arguably the most thoroughly characterized circuit motif involving PV interneurons [Isaacson2011inhibition,Cruikshank2010pathway]. The canonical circuit operates through thalamocortical (TC) afferents that drive fast-spiking PV interneurons with short latency an...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 8Open reference0. The feedback motif is architecturally simple but computationally powerful: local p... -
1CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference, 8CitationFeedforward inhibition (FFI) — the recruitment of local inhibitory neurons by an afferent pathway to constrain excitation of downstream principal cells — is arguably the most thoroughly characterized circuit motif involving PV interneurons [Isaacson2011inhibition,Cruikshank2010pathway]. The canonical circuit operates through thalamocortical (TC) afferents that drive fast-spiking PV interneurons with short latency an...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 8Open reference1 The temporal dynamics of feedback inhibition through PV cells are particularly important for network oscillations. In the Pyramidal-Interneuron Network Gamma (PING) model, pyramidal cells driven by asynchronous excitatory input recruit PV fast-spiking interneurons, which then synchronize the pyramidal cell population via feedback inhibition to generate gamma-frequency oscillations [Pafundo2013cholinergic,Wang2010neu... -
1CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference, 8CitationFeedforward inhibition (FFI) — the recruitment of local inhibitory neurons by an afferent pathway to constrain excitation of downstream principal cells — is arguably the most thoroughly characterized circuit motif involving PV interneurons [Isaacson2011inhibition,Cruikshank2010pathway]. The canonical circuit operates through thalamocortical (TC) afferents that drive fast-spiking PV interneurons with short latency an...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 8Open reference2 The temporal dynamics of feedback inhibition through PV cells are particularly important for network oscillations. In the Pyramidal-Interneuron Network Gamma (PING) model, pyramidal cells driven by asynchronous excitatory input recruit PV fast-spiking interneurons, which then synchronize the pyramidal cell population via feedback inhibition to generate gamma-frequency oscillations [Pafundo2013cholinergic,Wang2010neu... -
1CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference, 8CitationFeedforward inhibition (FFI) — the recruitment of local inhibitory neurons by an afferent pathway to constrain excitation of downstream principal cells — is arguably the most thoroughly characterized circuit motif involving PV interneurons [Isaacson2011inhibition,Cruikshank2010pathway]. The canonical circuit operates through thalamocortical (TC) afferents that drive fast-spiking PV interneurons with short latency an...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 8Open reference3 The temporal dynamics of feedback inhibition through PV cells are particularly important for network oscillations. In the Pyramidal-Interneuron Network Gamma (PING) model, pyramidal cells driven by asynchronous excitatory input recruit PV fast-spiking interneurons, which then synchronize the pyramidal cell population via feedback inhibition to generate gamma-frequency oscillations [Pafundo2013cholinergic,Wang2010neu... -
1CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference, 8CitationFeedforward inhibition (FFI) — the recruitment of local inhibitory neurons by an afferent pathway to constrain excitation of downstream principal cells — is arguably the most thoroughly characterized circuit motif involving PV interneurons [Isaacson2011inhibition,Cruikshank2010pathway]. The canonical circuit operates through thalamocortical (TC) afferents that drive fast-spiking PV interneurons with short latency an...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 8Open reference4 The temporal dynamics of feedback inhibition through PV cells are particularly important for network oscillations. In the Pyramidal-Interneuron Network Gamma (PING) model, pyramidal cells driven by asynchronous excitatory input recruit PV fast-spiking interneurons, which then synchronize the pyramidal cell population via feedback inhibition to generate gamma-frequency oscillations [Pafundo2013cholinergic,Wang2010neu... -
1CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference, 8CitationFeedforward inhibition (FFI) — the recruitment of local inhibitory neurons by an afferent pathway to constrain excitation of downstream principal cells — is arguably the most thoroughly characterized circuit motif involving PV interneurons [Isaacson2011inhibition,Cruikshank2010pathway]. The canonical circuit operates through thalamocortical (TC) afferents that drive fast-spiking PV interneurons with short latency an...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 8Open reference5 The temporal dynamics of feedback inhibition through PV cells are particularly important for network oscillations. In the Pyramidal-Interneuron Network Gamma (PING) model, pyramidal cells driven by asynchronous excitatory input recruit PV fast-spiking interneurons, which then synchronize the pyramidal cell population via feedback inhibition to generate gamma-frequency oscillations [Pafundo2013cholinergic,Wang2010neu... -
1CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference, 8CitationFeedforward inhibition (FFI) — the recruitment of local inhibitory neurons by an afferent pathway to constrain excitation of downstream principal cells — is arguably the most thoroughly characterized circuit motif involving PV interneurons [Isaacson2011inhibition,Cruikshank2010pathway]. The canonical circuit operates through thalamocortical (TC) afferents that drive fast-spiking PV interneurons with short latency an...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 8Open reference6 The temporal dynamics of feedback inhibition through PV cells are particularly important for network oscillations. In the Pyramidal-Interneuron Network Gamma (PING) model, pyramidal cells driven by asynchronous excitatory input recruit PV fast-spiking interneurons, which then synchronize the pyramidal cell population via feedback inhibition to generate gamma-frequency oscillations [Pafundo2013cholinergic,Wang2010neu... -
1CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference, 8CitationFeedforward inhibition (FFI) — the recruitment of local inhibitory neurons by an afferent pathway to constrain excitation of downstream principal cells — is arguably the most thoroughly characterized circuit motif involving PV interneurons [Isaacson2011inhibition,Cruikshank2010pathway]. The canonical circuit operates through thalamocortical (TC) afferents that drive fast-spiking PV interneurons with short latency an...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 8Open reference7 The temporal dynamics of feedback inhibition through PV cells are particularly important for network oscillations. In the Pyramidal-Interneuron Network Gamma (PING) model, pyramidal cells driven by asynchronous excitatory input recruit PV fast-spiking interneurons, which then synchronize the pyramidal cell population via feedback inhibition to generate gamma-frequency oscillations [Pafundo2013cholinergic,Wang2010neu... -
1CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference, 8CitationFeedforward inhibition (FFI) — the recruitment of local inhibitory neurons by an afferent pathway to constrain excitation of downstream principal cells — is arguably the most thoroughly characterized circuit motif involving PV interneurons [Isaacson2011inhibition,Cruikshank2010pathway]. The canonical circuit operates through thalamocortical (TC) afferents that drive fast-spiking PV interneurons with short latency an...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 8Open reference8 The biophysical properties of PV cells are ideally suited for implementing feedback inhibition at gamma timescales. Unitary inhibitory postsynaptic currents at basket cell-to-basket cell synapses have faster decay than at BC-to-principal cell synapses (decay time constants of 2.5 ms in dentate gyrus, 1.2 ms in CA3, and 1.8 ms in CA1 at physiological temperature), enabling the precise temporal coordination required f... -
1CitationThe preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}
sec-molecular-identity), a developmental trajectory ({ref}sec-developmental-origins), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}sec-morphological-diversity) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}sec-synaptic-physiology). Yet individua...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 4Open reference, 8CitationFeedforward inhibition (FFI) — the recruitment of local inhibitory neurons by an afferent pathway to constrain excitation of downstream principal cells — is arguably the most thoroughly characterized circuit motif involving PV interneurons [Isaacson2011inhibition,Cruikshank2010pathway]. The canonical circuit operates through thalamocortical (TC) afferents that drive fast-spiking PV interneurons with short latency an...content/07_circuit_motifs.md:line 8Open reference9 The biophysical properties of PV cells are ideally suited for implementing feedback inhibition at gamma timescales. Unitary inhibitory postsynaptic currents at basket cell-to-basket cell synapses have faster decay than at BC-to-principal cell synapses (decay time constants of 2.5 ms in dentate gyrus, 1.2 ms in CA3, and 1.8 ms in CA1 at physiological temperature), enabling the precise temporal coordination required f... -
... 99 additional anchors in refs_json
References
- [Isaacson2011inhibition] “The preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}`sec-molecular-identity`), a developmental trajectory ({ref}`sec-developmental-origins`), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}`sec-morphological-diversity`) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}`sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology`) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}`sec-synaptic-physiology`). Yet individua...”
- [Tremblay2016gabaergic] “The preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}`sec-molecular-identity`), a developmental trajectory ({ref}`sec-developmental-origins`), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}`sec-morphological-diversity`) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}`sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology`) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}`sec-synaptic-physiology`). Yet individua...”
- [Pelkey2017hippocampal] “The preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}`sec-molecular-identity`), a developmental trajectory ({ref}`sec-developmental-origins`), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}`sec-morphological-diversity`) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}`sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology`) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}`sec-synaptic-physiology`). Yet individua...”
- [Klausberger2008neuronal] “The preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}`sec-molecular-identity`), a developmental trajectory ({ref}`sec-developmental-origins`), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}`sec-morphological-diversity`) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}`sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology`) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}`sec-synaptic-physiology`). Yet individua...”
- [Znamenskiy2024functional] “The preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}`sec-molecular-identity`), a developmental trajectory ({ref}`sec-developmental-origins`), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}`sec-morphological-diversity`) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}`sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology`) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}`sec-synaptic-physiology`). Yet individua...”
- [Morishima2017segregated] “The preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}`sec-molecular-identity`), a developmental trajectory ({ref}`sec-developmental-origins`), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}`sec-morphological-diversity`) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}`sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology`) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}`sec-synaptic-physiology`). Yet individua...”
- [Karnani2016opening] “The preceding sections established that PV interneurons possess a molecular identity ({ref}`sec-molecular-identity`), a developmental trajectory ({ref}`sec-developmental-origins`), and a morphological repertoire ({ref}`sec-morphological-diversity`) that converge on the fast-spiking phenotype ({ref}`sec-intrinsic-electrophysiology`) and specialized synaptic transmission ({ref}`sec-synaptic-physiology`). Yet individua...”
- [Cruikshank2010pathway] “Feedforward inhibition (FFI) — the recruitment of local inhibitory neurons by an afferent pathway to constrain excitation of downstream principal cells — is arguably the most thoroughly characterized circuit motif involving PV interneurons [Isaacson2011inhibition,Cruikshank2010pathway]. The canonical circuit operates through thalamocortical (TC) afferents that drive fast-spiking PV interneurons with short latency an...”
- [Sun2006barrel] “Feedforward inhibition (FFI) — the recruitment of local inhibitory neurons by an afferent pathway to constrain excitation of downstream principal cells — is arguably the most thoroughly characterized circuit motif involving PV interneurons [Isaacson2011inhibition,Cruikshank2010pathway]. The canonical circuit operates through thalamocortical (TC) afferents that drive fast-spiking PV interneurons with short latency an...”
- [Porter2001diverse] “Feedforward inhibition (FFI) — the recruitment of local inhibitory neurons by an afferent pathway to constrain excitation of downstream principal cells — is arguably the most thoroughly characterized circuit motif involving PV interneurons [Isaacson2011inhibition,Cruikshank2010pathway]. The canonical circuit operates through thalamocortical (TC) afferents that drive fast-spiking PV interneurons with short latency an...”
- [Delevich2015mediodorsal] “Feedforward inhibition (FFI) — the recruitment of local inhibitory neurons by an afferent pathway to constrain excitation of downstream principal cells — is arguably the most thoroughly characterized circuit motif involving PV interneurons [Isaacson2011inhibition,Cruikshank2010pathway]. The canonical circuit operates through thalamocortical (TC) afferents that drive fast-spiking PV interneurons with short latency an...”
- [Sermet2019pathway] “The quantitative architecture of this motif is striking. In rat barrel cortex, thalamocortical stimulation evokes action potentials in approximately 60% of inhibitory interneurons but fewer than 5% of excitatory neurons, with firing inhibitory cells receiving five-fold larger TC inputs than non-firing neurons [Porter2001diverse]. The resulting inhibition is disproportionately powerful: fast-spiking interneuron-media...”
- [Staiger2009local] “The cell-type specificity of TC input provides the mechanistic basis for PV-dominated FFI. [Cruikshank2010pathway] demonstrated that thalamocortical axons drive robust synaptic responses in cortical FS interneurons and excitatory cells but only weak responses in SOM interneurons, establishing a clear hierarchy: PV/FS cells are the primary mediators of FFI across the thalamocortical interface [Cruikshank2010pathway,S...”
- [Yu2019recruitment] “The cell-type specificity of TC input provides the mechanistic basis for PV-dominated FFI. [Cruikshank2010pathway] demonstrated that thalamocortical axons drive robust synaptic responses in cortical FS interneurons and excitatory cells but only weak responses in SOM interneurons, establishing a clear hierarchy: PV/FS cells are the primary mediators of FFI across the thalamocortical interface [Cruikshank2010pathway,S...”
- [Rudy2011three] “Yet the universality of this PV dominance in FFI is not absolute, and conflict C24 highlights an important nuance. While [Sun2006barrel] emphasized the overwhelming dominance of FS/PV cells in barrel cortex FFI, [Porter2001diverse] found that diverse interneuron types are recruited by thalamocortical input, with the 60% recruitment rate encompassing multiple inhibitory subtypes rather than exclusively FS cells [Port...”
- [Nashef2022cerebellar] “Beyond sensory cortex, FFI via PV interneurons operates across diverse thalamocortical pathways with pathway-specific tuning. Mediodorsal thalamic input to the anterior cingulate cortex drives PV-mediated feedforward inhibition that limits the temporal integration window for pyramidal neuron firing, with greater flexibility than the more stereotyped FFI observed in primary sensory areas [Delevich2015mediodorsal]. In...”
- [Lewis2022pathway] “Beyond sensory cortex, FFI via PV interneurons operates across diverse thalamocortical pathways with pathway-specific tuning. Mediodorsal thalamic input to the anterior cingulate cortex drives PV-mediated feedforward inhibition that limits the temporal integration window for pyramidal neuron firing, with greater flexibility than the more stereotyped FFI observed in primary sensory areas [Delevich2015mediodorsal]. In...”
- [Frandolig2019synaptic] “Beyond sensory cortex, FFI via PV interneurons operates across diverse thalamocortical pathways with pathway-specific tuning. Mediodorsal thalamic input to the anterior cingulate cortex drives PV-mediated feedforward inhibition that limits the temporal integration window for pyramidal neuron firing, with greater flexibility than the more stereotyped FFI observed in primary sensory areas [Delevich2015mediodorsal]. In...”
- [Kruglikov2008perisomatic] “Neuromodulatory gating of FFI adds functional flexibility to this architecturally rigid motif. GABA release from fast-spiking cells is robustly inhibited by muscarinic, serotonergic, adenosinergic, and GABA~B~ receptors, and muscarinic suppression of FS cell GABA release specifically suppresses thalamocortical feedforward inhibition to promote thalamocortical excitation [Kruglikov2008perisomatic]. This cholinergic m...”
- [Katona1999presynaptically] “Neuromodulatory gating of FFI adds functional flexibility to this architecturally rigid motif. GABA release from fast-spiking cells is robustly inhibited by muscarinic, serotonergic, adenosinergic, and GABA~B~ receptors, and muscarinic suppression of FS cell GABA release specifically suppresses thalamocortical feedforward inhibition to promote thalamocortical excitation [Kruglikov2008perisomatic]. This cholinergic m...”
- [Panthi2019impact] “Neuromodulatory gating of FFI adds functional flexibility to this architecturally rigid motif. GABA release from fast-spiking cells is robustly inhibited by muscarinic, serotonergic, adenosinergic, and GABA~B~ receptors, and muscarinic suppression of FS cell GABA release specifically suppresses thalamocortical feedforward inhibition to promote thalamocortical excitation [Kruglikov2008perisomatic]. This cholinergic m...”
- [Wang2010neurophysiological] “If feedforward inhibition gates the entry of information into cortical circuits, feedback inhibition — where pyramidal cells recruit PV interneurons that in turn inhibit the same or neighboring pyramidal cells — provides the recurrent control that shapes ongoing cortical computation [Isaacson2011inhibition,Wang2010neurophysiological]. The feedback motif is architecturally simple but computationally powerful: local p...”
- [Kawaguchi1997gabaergic] “If feedforward inhibition gates the entry of information into cortical circuits, feedback inhibition — where pyramidal cells recruit PV interneurons that in turn inhibit the same or neighboring pyramidal cells — provides the recurrent control that shapes ongoing cortical computation [Isaacson2011inhibition,Wang2010neurophysiological]. The feedback motif is architecturally simple but computationally powerful: local p...”
- [Pafundo2013cholinergic] “The temporal dynamics of feedback inhibition through PV cells are particularly important for network oscillations. In the Pyramidal-Interneuron Network Gamma (PING) model, pyramidal cells driven by asynchronous excitatory input recruit PV fast-spiking interneurons, which then synchronize the pyramidal cell population via feedback inhibition to generate gamma-frequency oscillations [Pafundo2013cholinergic,Wang2010neu...”
- [Buzsaki2012mechanisms] “The temporal dynamics of feedback inhibition through PV cells are particularly important for network oscillations. In the Pyramidal-Interneuron Network Gamma (PING) model, pyramidal cells driven by asynchronous excitatory input recruit PV fast-spiking interneurons, which then synchronize the pyramidal cell population via feedback inhibition to generate gamma-frequency oscillations [Pafundo2013cholinergic,Wang2010neu...”
- [Sohal2009parvalbumin] “The temporal dynamics of feedback inhibition through PV cells are particularly important for network oscillations. In the Pyramidal-Interneuron Network Gamma (PING) model, pyramidal cells driven by asynchronous excitatory input recruit PV fast-spiking interneurons, which then synchronize the pyramidal cell population via feedback inhibition to generate gamma-frequency oscillations [Pafundo2013cholinergic,Wang2010neu...”
- [TikidjiHamburyan2015resonant] “The temporal dynamics of feedback inhibition through PV cells are particularly important for network oscillations. In the Pyramidal-Interneuron Network Gamma (PING) model, pyramidal cells driven by asynchronous excitatory input recruit PV fast-spiking interneurons, which then synchronize the pyramidal cell population via feedback inhibition to generate gamma-frequency oscillations [Pafundo2013cholinergic,Wang2010neu...”
- [Gulyas2010parvalbumin] “The temporal dynamics of feedback inhibition through PV cells are particularly important for network oscillations. In the Pyramidal-Interneuron Network Gamma (PING) model, pyramidal cells driven by asynchronous excitatory input recruit PV fast-spiking interneurons, which then synchronize the pyramidal cell population via feedback inhibition to generate gamma-frequency oscillations [Pafundo2013cholinergic,Wang2010neu...”
- [Bartos2002fast] “The biophysical properties of PV cells are ideally suited for implementing feedback inhibition at gamma timescales. Unitary inhibitory postsynaptic currents at basket cell-to-basket cell synapses have faster decay than at BC-to-principal cell synapses (decay time constants of 2.5 ms in dentate gyrus, 1.2 ms in CA3, and 1.8 ms in CA1 at physiological temperature), enabling the precise temporal coordination required f...”
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