Introduction

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^{1Citationpaper:34a07597-2d6f-4552-b9cf-d2d11817f9f9Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...content/01_introduction.md:line 3Open reference} Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex ^{1Citationpaper:34a07597-2d6f-4552-b9cf-d2d11817f9f9Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...content/01_introduction.md:line 3Open reference} and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-0539949fe271Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...content/01_introduction.md:line 3Open reference} Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex ^{1Citationpaper:34a07597-2d6f-4552-b9cf-d2d11817f9f9Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...content/01_introduction.md:line 3Open reference} and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...content/01_introduction.md:line 3Open reference} Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex ^{1Citationpaper:34a07597-2d6f-4552-b9cf-d2d11817f9f9Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...content/01_introduction.md:line 3Open reference} and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...
^{4Citationpaper:paper-48f7973b62f1Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...content/01_introduction.md:line 3Open reference} Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex ^{1Citationpaper:34a07597-2d6f-4552-b9cf-d2d11817f9f9Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...content/01_introduction.md:line 3Open reference} and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...
^{5Citationpaper:paper-e9f2f58c35e6Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...content/01_introduction.md:line 3Open reference} Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex ^{1Citationpaper:34a07597-2d6f-4552-b9cf-d2d11817f9f9Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...content/01_introduction.md:line 3Open reference} and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...
^{1Citationpaper:34a07597-2d6f-4552-b9cf-d2d11817f9f9Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...content/01_introduction.md:line 3Open reference}0 The premise of this review is that the SST interneuron literature suffers from a specific structural problem: the field’s most-cited functional claims are not its best-supported ones. Anatomical and electrophysiological characterizations — the distinction between Martinotti and non-Martinotti subtypes, the identification of facilitating excitatory inputs, the mapping of dendritic-targeting axons — rest on convergent...
^{1Citationpaper:34a07597-2d6f-4552-b9cf-d2d11817f9f9Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...content/01_introduction.md:line 3Open reference}1 The premise of this review is that the SST interneuron literature suffers from a specific structural problem: the field’s most-cited functional claims are not its best-supported ones. Anatomical and electrophysiological characterizations — the distinction between Martinotti and non-Martinotti subtypes, the identification of facilitating excitatory inputs, the mapping of dendritic-targeting axons — rest on convergent...
^{1Citationpaper:34a07597-2d6f-4552-b9cf-d2d11817f9f9Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...content/01_introduction.md:line 3Open reference}2 The premise of this review is that the SST interneuron literature suffers from a specific structural problem: the field’s most-cited functional claims are not its best-supported ones. Anatomical and electrophysiological characterizations — the distinction between Martinotti and non-Martinotti subtypes, the identification of facilitating excitatory inputs, the mapping of dendritic-targeting axons — rest on convergent...
^{1Citationpaper:34a07597-2d6f-4552-b9cf-d2d11817f9f9Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...content/01_introduction.md:line 3Open reference}3 The premise of this review is that the SST interneuron literature suffers from a specific structural problem: the field’s most-cited functional claims are not its best-supported ones. Anatomical and electrophysiological characterizations — the distinction between Martinotti and non-Martinotti subtypes, the identification of facilitating excitatory inputs, the mapping of dendritic-targeting axons — rest on convergent...
^{1Citationpaper:34a07597-2d6f-4552-b9cf-d2d11817f9f9Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...content/01_introduction.md:line 3Open reference}4 The premise of this review is that the SST interneuron literature suffers from a specific structural problem: the field’s most-cited functional claims are not its best-supported ones. Anatomical and electrophysiological characterizations — the distinction between Martinotti and non-Martinotti subtypes, the identification of facilitating excitatory inputs, the mapping of dendritic-targeting axons — rest on convergent...
^{1Citationpaper:34a07597-2d6f-4552-b9cf-d2d11817f9f9Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...content/01_introduction.md:line 3Open reference}5 The premise of this review is that the SST interneuron literature suffers from a specific structural problem: the field’s most-cited functional claims are not its best-supported ones. Anatomical and electrophysiological characterizations — the distinction between Martinotti and non-Martinotti subtypes, the identification of facilitating excitatory inputs, the mapping of dendritic-targeting axons — rest on convergent...
^{1Citationpaper:34a07597-2d6f-4552-b9cf-d2d11817f9f9Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...content/01_introduction.md:line 3Open reference}6 The premise of this review is that the SST interneuron literature suffers from a specific structural problem: the field’s most-cited functional claims are not its best-supported ones. Anatomical and electrophysiological characterizations — the distinction between Martinotti and non-Martinotti subtypes, the identification of facilitating excitatory inputs, the mapping of dendritic-targeting axons — rest on convergent...
^{1Citationpaper:34a07597-2d6f-4552-b9cf-d2d11817f9f9Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...content/01_introduction.md:line 3Open reference}7 A second motivation is the recognition that “SST interneuron” is not a natural kind. What was once treated as a unitary cell class has fractured into at least ten transcriptomically distinct supertypes, with finer subdivisions proliferating as profiling technologies improve ^{1Citationpaper:34a07597-2d6f-4552-b9cf-d2d11817f9f9Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...content/01_introduction.md:line 3Open reference}8. These molecular subtypes differ in morphology, intrinsic physiology, connectivity, laminar distribution, an...
^{1Citationpaper:34a07597-2d6f-4552-b9cf-d2d11817f9f9Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...content/01_introduction.md:line 3Open reference}9 A second motivation is the recognition that “SST interneuron” is not a natural kind. What was once treated as a unitary cell class has fractured into at least ten transcriptomically distinct supertypes, with finer subdivisions proliferating as profiling technologies improve ^{2Citationpaper:paper-0539949fe271Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...content/01_introduction.md:line 3Open reference}0. These molecular subtypes differ in morphology, intrinsic physiology, connectivity, laminar distribution, an...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-0539949fe271Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...content/01_introduction.md:line 3Open reference}1 A second motivation is the recognition that “SST interneuron” is not a natural kind. What was once treated as a unitary cell class has fractured into at least ten transcriptomically distinct supertypes, with finer subdivisions proliferating as profiling technologies improve ^{2Citationpaper:paper-0539949fe271Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...content/01_introduction.md:line 3Open reference}2. These molecular subtypes differ in morphology, intrinsic physiology, connectivity, laminar distribution, an...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-0539949fe271Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...content/01_introduction.md:line 3Open reference}3 A second motivation is the recognition that “SST interneuron” is not a natural kind. What was once treated as a unitary cell class has fractured into at least ten transcriptomically distinct supertypes, with finer subdivisions proliferating as profiling technologies improve ^{2Citationpaper:paper-0539949fe271Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...content/01_introduction.md:line 3Open reference}4. These molecular subtypes differ in morphology, intrinsic physiology, connectivity, laminar distribution, an...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-0539949fe271Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...content/01_introduction.md:line 3Open reference}5 A second motivation is the recognition that “SST interneuron” is not a natural kind. What was once treated as a unitary cell class has fractured into at least ten transcriptomically distinct supertypes, with finer subdivisions proliferating as profiling technologies improve ^{2Citationpaper:paper-0539949fe271Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...content/01_introduction.md:line 3Open reference}6. These molecular subtypes differ in morphology, intrinsic physiology, connectivity, laminar distribution, an...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-0539949fe271Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...content/01_introduction.md:line 3Open reference}7 A second motivation is the recognition that “SST interneuron” is not a natural kind. What was once treated as a unitary cell class has fractured into at least ten transcriptomically distinct supertypes, with finer subdivisions proliferating as profiling technologies improve ^{2Citationpaper:paper-0539949fe271Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...content/01_introduction.md:line 3Open reference}8. These molecular subtypes differ in morphology, intrinsic physiology, connectivity, laminar distribution, an...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-0539949fe271Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...content/01_introduction.md:line 3Open reference}9 A second motivation is the recognition that “SST interneuron” is not a natural kind. What was once treated as a unitary cell class has fractured into at least ten transcriptomically distinct supertypes, with finer subdivisions proliferating as profiling technologies improve ^{1Citationpaper:34a07597-2d6f-4552-b9cf-d2d11817f9f9Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...content/01_introduction.md:line 3Open reference}0. These molecular subtypes differ in morphology, intrinsic physiology, connectivity, laminar distribution, an...
^{1Citationpaper:34a07597-2d6f-4552-b9cf-d2d11817f9f9Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...content/01_introduction.md:line 3Open reference}1 A second motivation is the recognition that “SST interneuron” is not a natural kind. What was once treated as a unitary cell class has fractured into at least ten transcriptomically distinct supertypes, with finer subdivisions proliferating as profiling technologies improve ^{1Citationpaper:34a07597-2d6f-4552-b9cf-d2d11817f9f9Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...content/01_introduction.md:line 3Open reference}2. These molecular subtypes differ in morphology, intrinsic physiology, connectivity, laminar distribution, an...
^{1Citationpaper:34a07597-2d6f-4552-b9cf-d2d11817f9f9Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...content/01_introduction.md:line 3Open reference}3 Third, the translational stakes are high and rising. SST interneuron dysfunction has been implicated in schizophrenia, epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, and autism spectrum disorder, with postmortem studies consistently reporting reduced SST expression across multiple neuropsychiatric conditions ^{1Citationpaper:34a07597-2d6f-4552-b9cf-d2d11817f9f9Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...content/01_introduction.md:line 3Open reference}4. These associations have motivated therapeutic strategies targeting SST circuits, from i...
^{1Citationpaper:34a07597-2d6f-4552-b9cf-d2d11817f9f9Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...content/01_introduction.md:line 3Open reference}5 Third, the translational stakes are high and rising. SST interneuron dysfunction has been implicated in schizophrenia, epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, and autism spectrum disorder, with postmortem studies consistently reporting reduced SST expression across multiple neuropsychiatric conditions ^{1Citationpaper:34a07597-2d6f-4552-b9cf-d2d11817f9f9Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...content/01_introduction.md:line 3Open reference}6. These associations have motivated therapeutic strategies targeting SST circuits, from i...
^{1Citationpaper:34a07597-2d6f-4552-b9cf-d2d11817f9f9Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...content/01_introduction.md:line 3Open reference}7 Third, the translational stakes are high and rising. SST interneuron dysfunction has been implicated in schizophrenia, epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, and autism spectrum disorder, with postmortem studies consistently reporting reduced SST expression across multiple neuropsychiatric conditions ^{1Citationpaper:34a07597-2d6f-4552-b9cf-d2d11817f9f9Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...content/01_introduction.md:line 3Open reference}8. These associations have motivated therapeutic strategies targeting SST circuits, from i...
^{1Citationpaper:34a07597-2d6f-4552-b9cf-d2d11817f9f9Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...content/01_introduction.md:line 3Open reference}9 Third, the translational stakes are high and rising. SST interneuron dysfunction has been implicated in schizophrenia, epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, and autism spectrum disorder, with postmortem studies consistently reporting reduced SST expression across multiple neuropsychiatric conditions ^{3Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...content/01_introduction.md:line 3Open reference}0. These associations have motivated therapeutic strategies targeting SST circuits, from i...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...content/01_introduction.md:line 3Open reference}1 Third, the translational stakes are high and rising. SST interneuron dysfunction has been implicated in schizophrenia, epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, and autism spectrum disorder, with postmortem studies consistently reporting reduced SST expression across multiple neuropsychiatric conditions ^{3Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...content/01_introduction.md:line 3Open reference}2. These associations have motivated therapeutic strategies targeting SST circuits, from i...

References

[Rudy2011] paper:34a07597-2d6f-4552-b9cf-d2d11817f9f9 “Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...”
[Wilson2012] paper:paper-0539949fe271 “Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...”
[Pi2013] paper:paper-065a0eae69a5 “Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...”
[Adesnik2012] paper:paper-48f7973b62f1 “Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...”
[LovettBarron2014] paper:paper-e9f2f58c35e6 “Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons constitute approximately 30% of the GABAergic neuron population in the mammalian cortex [Rudy2011] and have become one of the most intensively studied cell classes in systems neuroscience. Over the past two decades, optogenetic tools, single-cell transcriptomics, and multimodal profiling have generated an enormous body of data on SST neurons — their molecular identities, de...”
[Nigro2018] paper:paper-c57fcb1aef2a “The premise of this review is that the SST interneuron literature suffers from a specific structural problem: the field's most-cited functional claims are not its best-supported ones. Anatomical and electrophysiological characterizations — the distinction between Martinotti and non-Martinotti subtypes, the identification of facilitating excitatory inputs, the mapping of dendritic-targeting axons — rest on convergent...”
[Wu2023] paper:paper-c7076ba88e47 “The premise of this review is that the SST interneuron literature suffers from a specific structural problem: the field's most-cited functional claims are not its best-supported ones. Anatomical and electrophysiological characterizations — the distinction between Martinotti and non-Martinotti subtypes, the identification of facilitating excitatory inputs, the mapping of dendritic-targeting axons — rest on convergent...”
[Beierlein2003] paper:paper-b2fe37fe47cf “The premise of this review is that the SST interneuron literature suffers from a specific structural problem: the field's most-cited functional claims are not its best-supported ones. Anatomical and electrophysiological characterizations — the distinction between Martinotti and non-Martinotti subtypes, the identification of facilitating excitatory inputs, the mapping of dendritic-targeting axons — rest on convergent...”
[Wang2004] paper:paper-0cee20f3440c “The premise of this review is that the SST interneuron literature suffers from a specific structural problem: the field's most-cited functional claims are not its best-supported ones. Anatomical and electrophysiological characterizations — the distinction between Martinotti and non-Martinotti subtypes, the identification of facilitating excitatory inputs, the mapping of dendritic-targeting axons — rest on convergent...”
[Shapiro2025] paper:paper-410b852f3cc3 “The premise of this review is that the SST interneuron literature suffers from a specific structural problem: the field's most-cited functional claims are not its best-supported ones. Anatomical and electrophysiological characterizations — the distinction between Martinotti and non-Martinotti subtypes, the identification of facilitating excitatory inputs, the mapping of dendritic-targeting axons — rest on convergent...”
[Dipoppa2018] paper:paper-f457e091013f “The premise of this review is that the SST interneuron literature suffers from a specific structural problem: the field's most-cited functional claims are not its best-supported ones. Anatomical and electrophysiological characterizations — the distinction between Martinotti and non-Martinotti subtypes, the identification of facilitating excitatory inputs, the mapping of dendritic-targeting axons — rest on convergent...”
[Nienborg2013] paper:paper-03d61a0e26d7 “The premise of this review is that the SST interneuron literature suffers from a specific structural problem: the field's most-cited functional claims are not its best-supported ones. Anatomical and electrophysiological characterizations — the distinction between Martinotti and non-Martinotti subtypes, the identification of facilitating excitatory inputs, the mapping of dendritic-targeting axons — rest on convergent...”
[Tasic2018] paper:paper-pm-30382198 “A second motivation is the recognition that "SST interneuron" is not a natural kind. What was once treated as a unitary cell class has fractured into at least ten transcriptomically distinct supertypes, with finer subdivisions proliferating as profiling technologies improve [Tasic2018, Gouwens2020, Agmon2024]. These molecular subtypes differ in morphology, intrinsic physiology, connectivity, laminar distribution, an...”
[Gouwens2020] paper:paper-pm-33186530 “A second motivation is the recognition that "SST interneuron" is not a natural kind. What was once treated as a unitary cell class has fractured into at least ten transcriptomically distinct supertypes, with finer subdivisions proliferating as profiling technologies improve [Tasic2018, Gouwens2020, Agmon2024]. These molecular subtypes differ in morphology, intrinsic physiology, connectivity, laminar distribution, an...”
[Agmon2024] paper:paper-5d546dd2545a “A second motivation is the recognition that "SST interneuron" is not a natural kind. What was once treated as a unitary cell class has fractured into at least ten transcriptomically distinct supertypes, with finer subdivisions proliferating as profiling technologies improve [Tasic2018, Gouwens2020, Agmon2024]. These molecular subtypes differ in morphology, intrinsic physiology, connectivity, laminar distribution, an...”
[MullerKomorowska2020] paper:paper-dc2345640698 “A second motivation is the recognition that "SST interneuron" is not a natural kind. What was once treated as a unitary cell class has fractured into at least ten transcriptomically distinct supertypes, with finer subdivisions proliferating as profiling technologies improve [Tasic2018, Gouwens2020, Agmon2024]. These molecular subtypes differ in morphology, intrinsic physiology, connectivity, laminar distribution, an...”
[Veres2023] paper:paper-02e349efb688 “A second motivation is the recognition that "SST interneuron" is not a natural kind. What was once treated as a unitary cell class has fractured into at least ten transcriptomically distinct supertypes, with finer subdivisions proliferating as profiling technologies improve [Tasic2018, Gouwens2020, Agmon2024]. These molecular subtypes differ in morphology, intrinsic physiology, connectivity, laminar distribution, an...”
[Rachel2025] paper:paper-55e1027b727c “A second motivation is the recognition that "SST interneuron" is not a natural kind. What was once treated as a unitary cell class has fractured into at least ten transcriptomically distinct supertypes, with finer subdivisions proliferating as profiling technologies improve [Tasic2018, Gouwens2020, Agmon2024]. These molecular subtypes differ in morphology, intrinsic physiology, connectivity, laminar distribution, an...”
[Fisher2024] paper:paper-154edcc33e13 “A second motivation is the recognition that "SST interneuron" is not a natural kind. What was once treated as a unitary cell class has fractured into at least ten transcriptomically distinct supertypes, with finer subdivisions proliferating as profiling technologies improve [Tasic2018, Gouwens2020, Agmon2024]. These molecular subtypes differ in morphology, intrinsic physiology, connectivity, laminar distribution, an...”
[Duncan2025] paper:paper-238af7edcf3a “Third, the translational stakes are high and rising. SST interneuron dysfunction has been implicated in schizophrenia, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, and autism spectrum disorder, with postmortem studies consistently reporting reduced SST expression across multiple neuropsychiatric conditions [Duncan2025, Hughes2024, Singer2026]. These associations have motivated therapeutic strategies targeting SST circuits, from i...”
[Hughes2024] paper:paper-efe9e7205aee “Third, the translational stakes are high and rising. SST interneuron dysfunction has been implicated in schizophrenia, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, and autism spectrum disorder, with postmortem studies consistently reporting reduced SST expression across multiple neuropsychiatric conditions [Duncan2025, Hughes2024, Singer2026]. These associations have motivated therapeutic strategies targeting SST circuits, from i...”
[Singer2026] paper:paper-de69a1db5c29 “Third, the translational stakes are high and rising. SST interneuron dysfunction has been implicated in schizophrenia, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, and autism spectrum disorder, with postmortem studies consistently reporting reduced SST expression across multiple neuropsychiatric conditions [Duncan2025, Hughes2024, Singer2026]. These associations have motivated therapeutic strategies targeting SST circuits, from i...”
[Casalia2021] paper:paper-993bb1d8e4c9 “Third, the translational stakes are high and rising. SST interneuron dysfunction has been implicated in schizophrenia, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, and autism spectrum disorder, with postmortem studies consistently reporting reduced SST expression across multiple neuropsychiatric conditions [Duncan2025, Hughes2024, Singer2026]. These associations have motivated therapeutic strategies targeting SST circuits, from i...”
[Drexel2022] paper:paper-5443e9aec388 “Third, the translational stakes are high and rising. SST interneuron dysfunction has been implicated in schizophrenia, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, and autism spectrum disorder, with postmortem studies consistently reporting reduced SST expression across multiple neuropsychiatric conditions [Duncan2025, Hughes2024, Singer2026]. These associations have motivated therapeutic strategies targeting SST circuits, from i...”

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