VIP Interneurons and the Disinhibitory Motif: Canonical Circuit or Context-Depe…

VIP Interneurons and the Disinhibitory Motif: Canonical Circuit or Context-Dependent Exception?

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• ^{1Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference} Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...

• ^{2Citationpaper:paper-f22eb24f5525Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference} Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...

• ^{3Citationpaper:paper-4c0c7cc4feb7Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference} Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...

• ^{4Citationpaper:paper-28660a26542fAmong the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference} Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...

• ^{5Citationpaper:paper-99748f6c845cAmong the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference} Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...

• ^{6Citationpaper:paper-560189f9d2b5Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference} Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...

• ^{7Citationpaper:paper-16c5e9fe4808Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference} Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...

• ^{8Citationpaper:paper-ce31bd4648d0Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference} Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...

• ^{9Citationpaper:paper-a9dfac627c9eAmong the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference} Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...

• ^{10Citationpaper:pmid:38447579Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference} Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...

• ^{2Citationpaper:paper-f22eb24f5525Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}0 Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...

• ^{2Citationpaper:paper-f22eb24f5525Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}1 Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...

• ^{2Citationpaper:paper-f22eb24f5525Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}2 Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...

• ^{2Citationpaper:paper-f22eb24f5525Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}3 The foundational evidence for VIP-mediated disinhibition emerged from a series of optogenetic studies in awake behaving mice. ^{2Citationpaper:paper-f22eb24f5525Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}4 demonstrated that VIP interneurons in auditory cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, and primary visual cortex (V1) were activated by reinforcement signals—both reward and punishment—and that their activation suppressed SST interneuron firing while enhancing pyramidal neuron activity, co...

• ^{2Citationpaper:paper-f22eb24f5525Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}5 The foundational evidence for VIP-mediated disinhibition emerged from a series of optogenetic studies in awake behaving mice. ^{2Citationpaper:paper-f22eb24f5525Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}6 demonstrated that VIP interneurons in auditory cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, and primary visual cortex (V1) were activated by reinforcement signals—both reward and punishment—and that their activation suppressed SST interneuron firing while enhancing pyramidal neuron activity, co...

• ^{2Citationpaper:paper-f22eb24f5525Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}7 The foundational evidence for VIP-mediated disinhibition emerged from a series of optogenetic studies in awake behaving mice. ^{2Citationpaper:paper-f22eb24f5525Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}8 demonstrated that VIP interneurons in auditory cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, and primary visual cortex (V1) were activated by reinforcement signals—both reward and punishment—and that their activation suppressed SST interneuron firing while enhancing pyramidal neuron activity, co...

• ^{2Citationpaper:paper-f22eb24f5525Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}9 The motif has been demonstrated across a striking breadth of cortical areas and experimental preparations. In barrel cortex, ^{3Citationpaper:paper-4c0c7cc4feb7Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}0 found that inputs from whisker-related primary motor cortex are biased toward VIP-positive GABAergic neurons, potentially enabling VIP neuron-mediated disinhibition during active whisking. ^{3Citationpaper:paper-4c0c7cc4feb7Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}1 confirmed cell-type specific sensory-evoked activity in barrel cortex consistent w...

• ^{3Citationpaper:paper-4c0c7cc4feb7Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}2 The motif has been demonstrated across a striking breadth of cortical areas and experimental preparations. In barrel cortex, ^{3Citationpaper:paper-4c0c7cc4feb7Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}3 found that inputs from whisker-related primary motor cortex are biased toward VIP-positive GABAergic neurons, potentially enabling VIP neuron-mediated disinhibition during active whisking. ^{3Citationpaper:paper-4c0c7cc4feb7Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}4 confirmed cell-type specific sensory-evoked activity in barrel cortex consistent w...

• ^{3Citationpaper:paper-4c0c7cc4feb7Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}5 The motif has been demonstrated across a striking breadth of cortical areas and experimental preparations. In barrel cortex, ^{3Citationpaper:paper-4c0c7cc4feb7Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}6 found that inputs from whisker-related primary motor cortex are biased toward VIP-positive GABAergic neurons, potentially enabling VIP neuron-mediated disinhibition during active whisking. ^{3Citationpaper:paper-4c0c7cc4feb7Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}7 confirmed cell-type specific sensory-evoked activity in barrel cortex consistent w...

• ^{3Citationpaper:paper-4c0c7cc4feb7Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}8 The motif has been demonstrated across a striking breadth of cortical areas and experimental preparations. In barrel cortex, ^{3Citationpaper:paper-4c0c7cc4feb7Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}9 found that inputs from whisker-related primary motor cortex are biased toward VIP-positive GABAergic neurons, potentially enabling VIP neuron-mediated disinhibition during active whisking. ^{4Citationpaper:paper-28660a26542fAmong the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}0 confirmed cell-type specific sensory-evoked activity in barrel cortex consistent w...

• ^{4Citationpaper:paper-28660a26542fAmong the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}1 The motif has been demonstrated across a striking breadth of cortical areas and experimental preparations. In barrel cortex, ^{4Citationpaper:paper-28660a26542fAmong the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}2 found that inputs from whisker-related primary motor cortex are biased toward VIP-positive GABAergic neurons, potentially enabling VIP neuron-mediated disinhibition during active whisking. ^{4Citationpaper:paper-28660a26542fAmong the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}3 confirmed cell-type specific sensory-evoked activity in barrel cortex consistent w...

• ^{4Citationpaper:paper-28660a26542fAmong the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}4 The motif has been demonstrated across a striking breadth of cortical areas and experimental preparations. In barrel cortex, ^{4Citationpaper:paper-28660a26542fAmong the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}5 found that inputs from whisker-related primary motor cortex are biased toward VIP-positive GABAergic neurons, potentially enabling VIP neuron-mediated disinhibition during active whisking. ^{4Citationpaper:paper-28660a26542fAmong the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}6 confirmed cell-type specific sensory-evoked activity in barrel cortex consistent w...

• ^{4Citationpaper:paper-28660a26542fAmong the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}7 The motif has been demonstrated across a striking breadth of cortical areas and experimental preparations. In barrel cortex, ^{4Citationpaper:paper-28660a26542fAmong the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}8 found that inputs from whisker-related primary motor cortex are biased toward VIP-positive GABAergic neurons, potentially enabling VIP neuron-mediated disinhibition during active whisking. ^{4Citationpaper:paper-28660a26542fAmong the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}9 confirmed cell-type specific sensory-evoked activity in barrel cortex consistent w...

• ^{5Citationpaper:paper-99748f6c845cAmong the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}0 The consistency of this motif across at least five cortical areas and more than six independent laboratories constitutes one of the more robustly replicated findings in interneuron circuit biology {numref}fig-sec6-vip-connectivity-areasB. ^{5Citationpaper:paper-99748f6c845cAmong the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}1 further demonstrated in triple transgenic mice that both PV and VIP interneurons effectively target L5 SST interneurons intralaminarly, extending the connectivity pa...

• ^{5Citationpaper:paper-99748f6c845cAmong the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}2 The consistency of this motif across at least five cortical areas and more than six independent laboratories constitutes one of the more robustly replicated findings in interneuron circuit biology {numref}fig-sec6-vip-connectivity-areasB. ^{5Citationpaper:paper-99748f6c845cAmong the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}3 further demonstrated in triple transgenic mice that both PV and VIP interneurons effectively target L5 SST interneurons intralaminarly, extending the connectivity pa...

• ^{5Citationpaper:paper-99748f6c845cAmong the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}4 The clearest evidence for context-dependence comes from stimulus-size manipulations in V1. ^{5Citationpaper:paper-99748f6c845cAmong the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}5 showed that recurrent amplification drives a transition from a positive PC→VIP⊣SST⊣PC feedback loop at small stimulus size and low contrast to a negative PC→SST⊣PC feedback loop at larger stimuli. This fundamentally challenges the notion that VIP activation uniformly enhances pyramidal cell output: at sufficientl...

• ^{5Citationpaper:paper-99748f6c845cAmong the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}6 The clearest evidence for context-dependence comes from stimulus-size manipulations in V1. ^{5Citationpaper:paper-99748f6c845cAmong the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}7 showed that recurrent amplification drives a transition from a positive PC→VIP⊣SST⊣PC feedback loop at small stimulus size and low contrast to a negative PC→SST⊣PC feedback loop at larger stimuli. This fundamentally challenges the notion that VIP activation uniformly enhances pyramidal cell output: at sufficientl...

• ^{5Citationpaper:paper-99748f6c845cAmong the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}8 The clearest evidence for context-dependence comes from stimulus-size manipulations in V1. ^{5Citationpaper:paper-99748f6c845cAmong the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}9 showed that recurrent amplification drives a transition from a positive PC→VIP⊣SST⊣PC feedback loop at small stimulus size and low contrast to a negative PC→SST⊣PC feedback loop at larger stimuli. This fundamentally challenges the notion that VIP activation uniformly enhances pyramidal cell output: at sufficientl...

• ^{6Citationpaper:paper-560189f9d2b5Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}0 The clearest evidence for context-dependence comes from stimulus-size manipulations in V1. ^{6Citationpaper:paper-560189f9d2b5Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}1 showed that recurrent amplification drives a transition from a positive PC→VIP⊣SST⊣PC feedback loop at small stimulus size and low contrast to a negative PC→SST⊣PC feedback loop at larger stimuli. This fundamentally challenges the notion that VIP activation uniformly enhances pyramidal cell output: at sufficientl...

• ^{6Citationpaper:paper-560189f9d2b5Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}2 Across cortical areas, the quantitative impact of VIP activation remains poorly compared. While V1 has been studied extensively—at least 8 studies from 4 independent laboratories ^{6Citationpaper:paper-560189f9d2b5Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}3—most other areas have only 1–3 studies from 1–2 labs. ^{6Citationpaper:paper-560189f9d2b5Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}4 recorded from 1,124 neurons in V1 and found area-specific patterns of VIP engagement during locomotion, but syste...

• ^{6Citationpaper:paper-560189f9d2b5Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}5 Across cortical areas, the quantitative impact of VIP activation remains poorly compared. While V1 has been studied extensively—at least 8 studies from 4 independent laboratories ^{6Citationpaper:paper-560189f9d2b5Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}6—most other areas have only 1–3 studies from 1–2 labs. ^{6Citationpaper:paper-560189f9d2b5Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}7 recorded from 1,124 neurons in V1 and found area-specific patterns of VIP engagement during locomotion, but syste...

• ^{6Citationpaper:paper-560189f9d2b5Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}8 Across cortical areas, the quantitative impact of VIP activation remains poorly compared. While V1 has been studied extensively—at least 8 studies from 4 independent laboratories ^{6Citationpaper:paper-560189f9d2b5Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}9—most other areas have only 1–3 studies from 1–2 labs. ^{7Citationpaper:paper-16c5e9fe4808Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}0 recorded from 1,124 neurons in V1 and found area-specific patterns of VIP engagement during locomotion, but syste...

• ^{7Citationpaper:paper-16c5e9fe4808Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}1 Across cortical areas, the quantitative impact of VIP activation remains poorly compared. While V1 has been studied extensively—at least 8 studies from 4 independent laboratories ^{7Citationpaper:paper-16c5e9fe4808Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}2—most other areas have only 1–3 studies from 1–2 labs. ^{7Citationpaper:paper-16c5e9fe4808Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}3 recorded from 1,124 neurons in V1 and found area-specific patterns of VIP engagement during locomotion, but syste...

• ^{7Citationpaper:paper-16c5e9fe4808Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}4 Across cortical areas, the quantitative impact of VIP activation remains poorly compared. While V1 has been studied extensively—at least 8 studies from 4 independent laboratories ^{7Citationpaper:paper-16c5e9fe4808Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}5—most other areas have only 1–3 studies from 1–2 labs. ^{7Citationpaper:paper-16c5e9fe4808Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}6 recorded from 1,124 neurons in V1 and found area-specific patterns of VIP engagement during locomotion, but syste...

• ^{7Citationpaper:paper-16c5e9fe4808Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}7 Across cortical areas, the quantitative impact of VIP activation remains poorly compared. While V1 has been studied extensively—at least 8 studies from 4 independent laboratories ^{7Citationpaper:paper-16c5e9fe4808Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}8—most other areas have only 1–3 studies from 1–2 labs. ^{7Citationpaper:paper-16c5e9fe4808Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}9 recorded from 1,124 neurons in V1 and found area-specific patterns of VIP engagement during locomotion, but syste...

• ^{8Citationpaper:paper-ce31bd4648d0Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}0 Across cortical areas, the quantitative impact of VIP activation remains poorly compared. While V1 has been studied extensively—at least 8 studies from 4 independent laboratories ^{8Citationpaper:paper-ce31bd4648d0Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}1—most other areas have only 1–3 studies from 1–2 labs. ^{8Citationpaper:paper-ce31bd4648d0Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}2 recorded from 1,124 neurons in V1 and found area-specific patterns of VIP engagement during locomotion, but syste...

• ^{8Citationpaper:paper-ce31bd4648d0Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}3 Across cortical areas, the quantitative impact of VIP activation remains poorly compared. While V1 has been studied extensively—at least 8 studies from 4 independent laboratories ^{8Citationpaper:paper-ce31bd4648d0Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}4—most other areas have only 1–3 studies from 1–2 labs. ^{8Citationpaper:paper-ce31bd4648d0Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}5 recorded from 1,124 neurons in V1 and found area-specific patterns of VIP engagement during locomotion, but syste...

• ^{8Citationpaper:paper-ce31bd4648d0Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}6 Behavioral state further modulates VIP function in ways that extend well beyond the awake, attentive state under which the motif was first characterized. ^{8Citationpaper:paper-ce31bd4648d0Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}7 discovered that VIP activity across all behavioral states exhibited a profound ~0.02-Hz infraslow rhythm which, during slow-wave sleep, was inversely phase-coupled to spindle activity. ^{8Citationpaper:paper-ce31bd4648d0Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}8 used two-photon calcium imaging to demonstrate large stra...

• ^{8Citationpaper:paper-ce31bd4648d0Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}9 Behavioral state further modulates VIP function in ways that extend well beyond the awake, attentive state under which the motif was first characterized. ^{9Citationpaper:paper-a9dfac627c9eAmong the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}0 discovered that VIP activity across all behavioral states exhibited a profound ~0.02-Hz infraslow rhythm which, during slow-wave sleep, was inversely phase-coupled to spindle activity. ^{9Citationpaper:paper-a9dfac627c9eAmong the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}1 used two-photon calcium imaging to demonstrate large stra...

• ^{9Citationpaper:paper-a9dfac627c9eAmong the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}2 Behavioral state further modulates VIP function in ways that extend well beyond the awake, attentive state under which the motif was first characterized. ^{9Citationpaper:paper-a9dfac627c9eAmong the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}3 discovered that VIP activity across all behavioral states exhibited a profound ~0.02-Hz infraslow rhythm which, during slow-wave sleep, was inversely phase-coupled to spindle activity. ^{9Citationpaper:paper-a9dfac627c9eAmong the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}4 used two-photon calcium imaging to demonstrate large stra...

• ^{9Citationpaper:paper-a9dfac627c9eAmong the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}5 Behavioral state further modulates VIP function in ways that extend well beyond the awake, attentive state under which the motif was first characterized. ^{9Citationpaper:paper-a9dfac627c9eAmong the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}6 discovered that VIP activity across all behavioral states exhibited a profound ~0.02-Hz infraslow rhythm which, during slow-wave sleep, was inversely phase-coupled to spindle activity. ^{9Citationpaper:paper-a9dfac627c9eAmong the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}7 used two-photon calcium imaging to demonstrate large stra...

• ^{9Citationpaper:paper-a9dfac627c9eAmong the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}8 Behavioral state further modulates VIP function in ways that extend well beyond the awake, attentive state under which the motif was first characterized. ^{9Citationpaper:paper-a9dfac627c9eAmong the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}9 discovered that VIP activity across all behavioral states exhibited a profound ~0.02-Hz infraslow rhythm which, during slow-wave sleep, was inversely phase-coupled to spindle activity. ^{10Citationpaper:pmid:38447579Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}0 used two-photon calcium imaging to demonstrate large stra...

• ^{10Citationpaper:pmid:38447579Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}1 The dominant narrative frames VIP cells as specialists in interneuron-targeting, but evidence for direct VIP-to-pyramidal connections—though sparse—challenges the completeness of this picture. ^{10Citationpaper:pmid:38447579Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}2 identified VIP long-range projecting neurons (VIP-LRPs) in the hippocampus with specific molecular properties that target both interneurons within the CA1 area and both interneurons and pyramidal cells withi...

• ^{10Citationpaper:pmid:38447579Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}3 The dominant narrative frames VIP cells as specialists in interneuron-targeting, but evidence for direct VIP-to-pyramidal connections—though sparse—challenges the completeness of this picture. ^{10Citationpaper:pmid:38447579Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}4 identified VIP long-range projecting neurons (VIP-LRPs) in the hippocampus with specific molecular properties that target both interneurons within the CA1 area and both interneurons and pyramidal cells withi...

• ^{10Citationpaper:pmid:38447579Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}5 The dominant narrative frames VIP cells as specialists in interneuron-targeting, but evidence for direct VIP-to-pyramidal connections—though sparse—challenges the completeness of this picture. ^{10Citationpaper:pmid:38447579Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}6 identified VIP long-range projecting neurons (VIP-LRPs) in the hippocampus with specific molecular properties that target both interneurons within the CA1 area and both interneurons and pyramidal cells withi...

• ^{10Citationpaper:pmid:38447579Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}7 ^{10Citationpaper:pmid:38447579Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}8 measured the activities of VIP, SST, PV, and pyramidal neurons identified in the same cortical tissue and found that although activity in all cell classes was modulated by behavioral state, the relationships between VIP and pyramidal activity did not conform to simple disinhibitory predictions—activity in all cell classes was correlated in ways that suggest direct as well as indirect interactions....

• ^{10Citationpaper:pmid:38447579Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}9 ^{2Citationpaper:paper-f22eb24f5525Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}00 measured the activities of VIP, SST, PV, and pyramidal neurons identified in the same cortical tissue and found that although activity in all cell classes was modulated by behavioral state, the relationships between VIP and pyramidal activity did not conform to simple disinhibitory predictions—activity in all cell classes was correlated in ways that suggest direct as well as indirect interactions....

• ^{2Citationpaper:paper-f22eb24f5525Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}01 ^{2Citationpaper:paper-f22eb24f5525Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}02 measured the activities of VIP, SST, PV, and pyramidal neurons identified in the same cortical tissue and found that although activity in all cell classes was modulated by behavioral state, the relationships between VIP and pyramidal activity did not conform to simple disinhibitory predictions—activity in all cell classes was correlated in ways that suggest direct as well as indirect interactions....

• ^{2Citationpaper:paper-f22eb24f5525Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}03 ^{2Citationpaper:paper-f22eb24f5525Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}04 addressed VIP heterogeneity directly, identifying four primary VIP populations with different laminar distributions, axonal and dendritic arbors, intrinsic electrophysiological properties, and efferent connectivity. This within-class diversity raises the possibility that different VIP subtypes serve the disinhibitory and direct-inhibitory roles in parallel, rather than VIP cells as a class being exclusi...

• ^{2Citationpaper:paper-f22eb24f5525Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}05 ^{2Citationpaper:paper-f22eb24f5525Among the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneuron classes, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) cells have attracted outsized attention for a compelling reason: they preferentially inhibit other interneurons, particularly somatostatin (SST) cells, thereby disinhibiting pyramidal neurons and creating a potent mechanism for top-down and neuromodulatory control of cortical activity [Pi2013,Fu2015...content/06_vip_interneurons.md:line 5Open reference}06 addressed VIP heterogeneity directly, identifying four primary VIP populations with different laminar distributions, axonal and dendritic arbors, intrinsic electrophysiological properties, and efferent connectivity. This within-class diversity raises the possibility that different VIP subtypes serve the disinhibitory and direct-inhibitory roles in parallel, rather than VIP cells as a class being exclusi...

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