Combining multi-Neuropixels, mesoscale two-photon calcium imaging, and two-phot…

Combining multi-Neuropixels, mesoscale two-photon calcium imaging, and two-photon holographic optogenetics in mouse V1 with illusory contour stimuli identified a subset of 'IC-encoder' neurons whose targeted holographic photoactivation recreated the V1 illusory-contour representation in the absence of any visual stimulus — direct causal evidence for recurrent pattern-completion circuits in mouse cortex.

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  "doi": "10.1038/s41593-025-02055-5",
  "claim": "Combining multi-Neuropixels, mesoscale two-photon calcium imaging, and two-photon holographic optogenetics in mouse V1 with illusory contour stimuli identified a subset of 'IC-encoder' neurons whose targeted holographic photoactivation recreated the V1 illusory-contour representation in the absence of any visual stimulus — direct causal evidence for recurrent pattern-completion circuits in mouse cortex.",
  "cite_key": "Shin2025b",
  "evidence": "Multi-Neuropixels + 2P imaging + holographic optogenetics; activation-only recreation of perceptual representation.",
  "effect_size": "holographic activation of IC-encoders recreates V1 illusory-contour representation without visual stimulus",
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  "study_system": "Awake mouse V1, all-optical + Neuropixels",
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  "claim_source_sentence": "We discovered a specialized subset of neurons in primary visual cortex (V1) that respond emergently to illusory bars but not to component image segments. Selective holographic photoactivation of these 'IC-encoders' recreated the visual representation of ICs in V1 in the absence of any visual stimulus.",
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  "effect_size_source_sentence": "Selective holographic photoactivation of these 'IC-encoders' recreated the visual representation of ICs in V1 in the absence of any visual stimulus."
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We discovered a specialized subset of neurons in primary visual cortex (V1) that respond emergently to illusory bars but not to component image segments. Selective holographic photoactivation of these 'IC-encoders' recreated the visual representation of ICs in V1 in the absence of any visual stimulus.

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15. Methodological limits and emerging tools — what current mouse-cortex tools cannot yet measure about E→E recurrence (subthreshold network activity, fast plasticity in vivo, millimetre-scale dynamic connectomes), and what is on the near horizon

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