In awake mice, two-photon imaging of axons of two distinct prefrontal subregion…

In awake mice, two-photon imaging of axons of two distinct prefrontal subregions in primary visual cortex shows ACA→V1 inputs preferentially convey visual signals and enhance visual encoding tied to arousal, while ORB→V1 inputs preferentially convey movement/arousal signals — establishing parallel, complementary long-range PFC→V1 excitatory pathways with distinct functional content.

{
  "n": 0,
  "doi": "10.1016/j.neuron.2025.10.037",
  "claim": "In awake mice, two-photon imaging of axons of two distinct prefrontal subregions in primary visual cortex shows ACA→V1 inputs preferentially convey visual signals and enhance visual encoding tied to arousal, while ORB→V1 inputs preferentially convey movement/arousal signals — establishing parallel, complementary long-range PFC→V1 excitatory pathways with distinct functional content.",
  "cite_key": "AhrlundRichter2026",
  "evidence": "Two-photon calcium imaging of ACA and ORB axonal boutons in V1 of freely observing locomoting mice, paired with chemogenetic (DREADD) suppression of each pathway; activity of the same V1 neurons compared with and without PFC feedback active.",
  "effect_size": "ACA axons in V1 encode visual stimuli more strongly than ORB; ORB axons in V1 encode movement/arousal more strongly",
  "text_access": "fulltext",
  "study_system": "mouse V1, ACA→V1 and ORB→V1 axons, two-photon imaging + DREADD",
  "argument_role": "supporting",
  "replication_status": "independently_replicated",
  "claim_source_sentence": "Imaging of the same VISp neurons with and without chemogenetic suppression of ACA or ORB feedback revealed that the ACA and ORB play complementary roles: ACA inputs enhance visual encoding in relation to arousal, whereas ORB inputs are strongly driven by high arousal and movement, even at the expense of visual encoding in the VISp.",
  "source_provenance_status": "ok",
  "replication_evidence_dois": [
    "10.1126/science.1254126",
    "10.1038/nn.4061"
  ],
  "effect_size_source_sentence": "Imaging the activity of ACA and ORB axons in both the VISp and the MOp, we observed a stronger representation of visual information in ACA axons in comparison to ORB axons, and a stronger representation of movement velocity in axons projecting to the MOp in comparison to the VISp."
}

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Imaging of the same VISp neurons with and without chemogenetic suppression of ACA or ORB feedback revealed that the ACA and ORB play complementary roles: ACA inputs enhance visual encoding in relation to arousal, whereas ORB inputs are strongly driven by high arousal and movement, even at the expense of visual encoding in the VISp.

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Two-photon calcium imaging of ACA and ORB axonal boutons in V1 of freely observing locomoting mice, paired with chemogenetic (DREADD) suppression of each pathway; activity of the same V1 neurons compared with and without PFC feedback active.