What resolves this contention: Drugs of abuse (especially opioids) cause VTA do…

What resolves this contention: Drugs of abuse (especially opioids) cause VTA dopamine neuron disinhibition by reducing GABA input from local interneurons, and this is a primary mechanism for increased dopamine release / Direct excitation of VTA dopamine neurons and modulation of glutamatergic inputs may be equally or more important than disinhibition; the relative contribution of GABAergic vs glutamatergic changes is circuit- and drug-dependent