What resolves this contention: Apparent cell-type conflict about which glial ce…

What resolves this contention: Apparent cell-type conflict about which glial cell is the relevant TNF-α source for plasticity: cortical homeostatic scaling is attributed to astrocyte-derived TNF (Stellwagen/Malenka lineage, confirmed by cell-specific conditional knockout in 2024), while striatal drug-induced plasticity is attributed to microglia-derived TNF. / Astrocytes are the necessary source of TNF-α that mediates homeostatic synaptic plasticity (synaptic scaling) in visual cortex, with conditional astrocyte-specific TNF deletion phenocopying global TNF knockout. / Striatal microglia, not astrocytes, are the source of TNF-α that suppresses cocaine-induced plasticity — microglial activation and TNF production drive AMPAR internalization on medium spiny neurons, and depleting microglia abolishes this regulation.