What resolves this contention: Opioids directly activate TLR4 on microglia, tri…

What resolves this contention: Opioids directly activate TLR4 on microglia, triggering neuroinflammation that opposes analgesia and promotes dependence / TLR4 knockout studies show inconsistent effects on opioid reward; the direct opioid-TLR4 binding model has been challenged by biophysical studies showing weak or nonspecific interactions