Abstract
Dpamine (DA) signaling has long been framed through a neuron-centric lens; yet, mounting evidence reveals that glial cells (astrocytes and microglia) serve as indispensable gatekeepers of dopaminergic tone, synaptic plasticity, and neuroimmune balance. Single-cell, spatial, and optical imaging studies have redefined DA circuits as multicellular ecosystems in which glial receptors, transporters, and gliotransmitters dynamically sculpt neuromodulation and behavior. Astrocytes fine-tune DA clearance, glutamate buffering, and metabolic coupling, while microglia integrate immune and stress cues recalibrate dopaminergic signaling across striatal and cortical circuits. Their bidirectional interactions, both glia-glia and glia-neuron, mediate resilience or vulnerability in contexts ranging from motivation and stress adaptation to Parkinson’s disease (PD), depression, and post-viral fatigue syndromes. In this review, we synthesized emerging evidence that glial-DA crosstalk is a systems-level regulator of neuroinflammation and plasticity, bridging cellular metabolism, immune tone, and behavioral output. By integrating multi-omics, in vivo imaging, and computational models, we proposed a translational framework for targeting astrocytic and microglial states to restore dopaminergic homeostasis. Understanding and manipulating these non-neuronal interfaces may open the next frontier in precision neuropsychiatry and neurodegeneration therapeutics.