Version history

{
  "pmid": "34106485",
  "doi": "10.1002/med.21838",
  "abstract": "1. Med Res Rev. 2021 Sep;41(5):2841-2886. doi: 10.1002/med.21838. Epub 2021 Jun\n9.\n\nAtremorine in Parkinson's disease: From dopaminergic neuroprotection to \npharmacogenomics.\n\nCacabelos R(1), Carrera I(2), Martínez O(3), Alejo R(4), Fernández-Novoa L(4), \nCacabelos P(5), Corzo L(6), Rodríguez S(6), Alcaraz M(1), Nebril L(1), Tellado \nI(5), Cacabelos N(7), Pego R(8), Naidoo V(9), Carril JC(10).\n\nAuthor information:\n(1)Department of Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, \nInternational Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain.\n(2)Department of Health Biotechnology, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, \nInternational Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain.\n(3)Department of Medical Epigenetics, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, \nInternational Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain.\n(4)EuroEspes Biotechnology, Bergondo, Spain.\n(5)Department of Digital Diagnosis, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, \nInternational Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain.\n(6)Department of Medical Biochemistry, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, \nInternational Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain.\n(7)Department of Medical Documentation, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, \nInternational Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain.\n(8)Department of Neuropsychology, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, \nInternational Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain.\n(9)Department of Neuroscience, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, \nInternational Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain.\n(10)Department of Genomics & Pharmacogenomics, EuroEspes Biomedical Research \nCenter, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, \nSpain.\n\nAtremorine is a novel bioproduct obtained by nondenaturing biotechnological \nprocesses from a genetic species of Vicia faba. Atremorine is a potent dopamine \n(DA) enhancer with powerful effects on the neuronal dopaminergic system, acting \nas a neuroprotective agent in Parkinson's disease (PD). Over 97% of PD patients \nrespond to a single dose of Atremorine (5 g, p.o.) 1 h after administration. \nThis response is gender-, time-, dose-, and genotype-dependent, with optimal \ndoses ranging from 5 to 20 g/day, depending upon disease severity and \nconcomitant medication. Drug-free patients show an increase in DA levels from \n12.14 ± 0.34 pg/ml to 6463.21 ± 1306.90 pg/ml; and patients chronically treated \nwith anti-PD drugs show an increase in DA levels from 1321.53 ± 389.94 pg/ml to \n16,028.54 ± 4783.98 pg/ml, indicating that Atremorine potentiates the \ndopaminergic effects of conventional anti-PD drugs. Atremorine also influences \nthe levels of other neurotransmitters (adrenaline, noradrenaline) and hormones \nwhich are regulated by DA (e.g., prolactin, PRL), with no effect on serotonin or \nhistamine. The variability in Atremorine-induced DA response is highly \nattributable to pharmacogenetic factors. Polymorphic variants in pathogenic \n(SNCA, NUCKS1, ITGA8, GPNMB, GCH1, BCKDK, APOE, LRRK2, ACMSD), mechanistic \n(DRD2), metabolic (CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP3A4/5, NAT2), transporter (ABCB1, \nSLC6A2, SLC6A3, SLC6A4) and pleiotropic genes (APOE) influence the DA response \nto Atremorine and its psychomotor and brain effects. Atremorine enhances DNA \nmethylation and displays epigenetic activity via modulation of the \npharmacoepigenetic network. Atremorine is a novel neuroprotective agent for \ndopaminergic neurons with potential prophylactic and therapeutic activity in PD.\n\n© 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.\n\nDOI: 10.1002/med.21838\nPMID: 34106485 [Indexed for MEDLINE]",
  "journal": "Med Res Rev",
  "year": 2021,
  "authors": "Cacabelos R, Carrera I, Martínez O, Alejo R, Fernández-Novoa L, Cacabelos P, Corzo L, Rodríguez S, Alcaraz M, Nebril L",
  "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34106485",
  "external_ids": {
    "doi": "10.1002/med.21838",
    "pmid": "34106485"
  },
  "citation_count": 1,
  "domain": "neurodegeneration"
}