A spatially-resolved human brain proteome atlas for understanding function and disease

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) 2025

Xiao, Xie, Luo, Yang, Yang et al.

Abstract

Abstract While the brain performs specialized functions across distinct regions, the spatial organization of the human brain proteome remains largely uncharted. Here we present a comprehensive spatially-resolved proteome atlas of the human brain, analyzing over two thousand MRI- guided locations across four individuals. Proteome analysis integrated with transcriptomics reveals extensive post-transcriptional regulation, with cortical regions showing markedly higher protein diversity than transcript. Unsupervised molecular clustering defines distinct brain territories that transcend anatomical boundaries, instead reflecting metabolic demands and functional specialization patterns. Application to epilepsy brain tissue uncovered disrupted astrocyte metabolism, protein homeostasis and therapeutic targets including the seizure-associated purinergic receptor P2RX7. This resource bridges molecular and systems neuroscience to accelerate neurological drug discovery.

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