{
"papers": [
{
"n": 0,
"doi": "10.1038/nature09880",
"value": "~2× higher for same vs orthogonal orientation",
"method": "paired recordings preceded by in vivo two-photon Ca imaging",
"metric": "connection probability — same vs orthogonal orientation",
"n_analyzed": "not reported in abstract",
"ci_or_error": "qualitative ratio",
"text_access": "abstract_only",
"n_definition": "V1 L2/3 pyramidal pairs tested in vitro after in vivo characterization",
"scope_region": "V1, local L2/3 microcircuit",
"study_system": "mouse V1 L2/3; in vivo Ca imaging + in vitro paired recordings",
"taxonomic_level": "cell-class",
"scope_population": "L2/3 pyramidal neurons",
"value_source_sentence": "Neurons with the same preference for oriented stimuli connected at twice the rate of neurons with orthogonal orientation preferences.",
"experimental_conditions": "adult mice with normal visual experience"
},
{
"n": 0,
"doi": "10.1038/nature14182",
"value": "~2 orders of magnitude span; strongest connections among most-correlated pairs",
"method": "paired recordings + in vivo Ca imaging",
"metric": "distribution of connection strength vs signal correlation",
"n_analyzed": "not in abstract",
"ci_or_error": "distribution span",
"text_access": "abstract_only",
"n_definition": "L2/3 pyramidal pairs with paired EPSPs",
"scope_region": "V1, local L2/3 microcircuit",
"study_system": "mouse V1 L2/3; paired patch + in vivo Ca imaging",
"taxonomic_level": "cell-class",
"scope_population": "L2/3 pyramidal neurons",
"value_source_sentence": "Excitatory connection amplitudes between pairs of cortical neurons vary over two orders of magnitude, comprising only very few strong connections among many weaker ones.",
"experimental_conditions": "adult mice"
},
{
"n": 0,
"doi": "10.1038/nature17192",
"value": "Same-orientation pairs preferentially synapsing despite uniform axon–dendrite proximity",
"method": "two-photon Ca imaging + serial-section EM",
"metric": "orientation-similarity selectivity of synapse formation (EM)",
"n_analyzed": "not reported in abstract",
"ci_or_error": "qualitative",
"text_access": "abstract_only",
"n_definition": "axon–dendrite contacts evaluated in EM volume",
"scope_region": "V1, local L2/3 microcircuit",
"study_system": "mouse V1 L2/3; functional-EM (calcium imaging + ssEM)",
"taxonomic_level": "cell-class",
"scope_population": "L2/3 pyramidal neurons",
"value_source_sentence": "More specifically, we found that pyramidal neurons with similar orientation selectivity preferentially formed synapses with each other, despite the fact that axons and dendrites of all orientation selectivities pass near (<5 μm) each other with roughly equal probability.",
"experimental_conditions": "adult mice"
},
{
"n": 0,
"doi": "10.1038/s41586-025-08840-3",
"value": "like-to-like extends across layers/areas including feedback; only feature (not spatial) component predicts connections",
"method": "millimetre-scale functional connectomics",
"metric": "feature-similarity dependence of fine-scale connectivity (MICrONS scale)",
"n_analyzed": "not in abstract",
"ci_or_error": "qualitative across areas/layers",
"text_access": "abstract_only",
"n_definition": "millimetre-scale connectomic dataset (MICrONS)",
"scope_region": "V1 + higher visual areas",
"study_system": "mouse visual cortex; large-volume EM + functional imaging",
"taxonomic_level": "cell-class/layer/area",
"scope_population": "excitatory neurons across layers",
"value_source_sentence": "Our results reveal that neurons with similar response properties are preferentially connected within and across layers and areas-including feedback connections-supporting the universality of 'like-to-like' connectivity across the visual hierarchy.",
"experimental_conditions": "adult mice (MICrONS preparation)"
}
],
"audit_issues": [
{
"dimension": "metric_definition",
"description": "Rows mix P(conn) trend with ΔOri (Ko 2011, p-value), EPSP-vs-correlation distribution (Cossell 2015), EM synapse preference (Lee 2016), and feature-similarity gradient (MICrONS). All probe like-to-like wiring but yield non-comparable scalar statistics.",
"entries_affected": [
"10.1038/nature09880",
"10.1038/nature14182",
"10.1038/nature17192",
"10.1038/s41586-025-08840-3"
]
},
{
"dimension": "scope_region",
"description": "MICrONS spans V1 + multiple higher visual areas across layers; the other three are local V1 L2/3 only.",
"entries_affected": [
"10.1038/s41586-025-08840-3",
"10.1038/nature09880",
"10.1038/nature14182",
"10.1038/nature17192"
]
}
],
"audit_verdict": "CAVEAT",
"comparison_id": "like-to-like-p-connection",
"comparison_name": "Like-to-like excitatory connectivity by tuning similarity in mouse V1",
"comparison_type": "convergent evidence",
"what_it_reveals": "Convergent evidence across paired recordings, functional EM of L2/3, and millimetre-scale connectomics that excitatory-to-excitatory wiring in mouse V1 is biased by tuning similarity — most strongly for the few large-amplitude connections — and that the rule extends across layers and visual areas.",
"homogeneity_check": {
"caveats": [
"Methods span paired recordings, functional EM, and millimetre-scale connectomics; n-definitions therefore differ.",
"First three entries are confined to local L2/3 V1; MICrONS extends to other layers and inter-areal feedback connections — comparison spans broader scope."
],
"n_definition_uniform": "false",
"scope_region_uniform": "false",
"taxonomic_level_uniform": "true",
"scope_population_uniform": "true"
},
"suggested_plot_type": "forest plot",
"mandatory_caption_caveats": [
"Like-to-like is measured by different statistics across studies (P(conn) trend, EPSP–correlation distribution, EM synapse preference, feature-similarity gradient); rows are not averageable.",
"MICrONS covers V1 + higher visual areas, layers 2–6, including feedback; the other rows are local V1 L2/3."
]
}