In Vivo Function During Behavior

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^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference} In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories ^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference} In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories ^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference} In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories ^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...
^{4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference} In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories ^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...
^{5Citationpaper:paper-acf576c0a2edIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference} In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories ^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}0 In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories ^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}1. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}2 In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories ^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}3. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}4 In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories ^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}5. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}6 In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories ^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}7. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}8 The single most influential in-vivo result for the field — that running mice show a sharp increase in V1 VIP calcium activity that gates a multiplicative increase in pyramidal-cell visual gain — was established by ^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}9, who showed that locomotion activates V1 VIP neurons via a nicotinic basal-forebrain input and produces gain enhancement that is abolished when VIP cells are silenced. Two-photon imaging during he...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}0 The single most influential in-vivo result for the field — that running mice show a sharp increase in V1 VIP calcium activity that gates a multiplicative increase in pyramidal-cell visual gain — was established by ^{2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}1, who showed that locomotion activates V1 VIP neurons via a nicotinic basal-forebrain input and produces gain enhancement that is abolished when VIP cells are silenced. Two-photon imaging during he...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}2 The single most influential in-vivo result for the field — that running mice show a sharp increase in V1 VIP calcium activity that gates a multiplicative increase in pyramidal-cell visual gain — was established by ^{2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}3, who showed that locomotion activates V1 VIP neurons via a nicotinic basal-forebrain input and produces gain enhancement that is abolished when VIP cells are silenced. Two-photon imaging during he...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}4 The single most influential in-vivo result for the field — that running mice show a sharp increase in V1 VIP calcium activity that gates a multiplicative increase in pyramidal-cell visual gain — was established by ^{2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}5, who showed that locomotion activates V1 VIP neurons via a nicotinic basal-forebrain input and produces gain enhancement that is abolished when VIP cells are silenced. Two-photon imaging during he...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}6 The single most influential in-vivo result for the field — that running mice show a sharp increase in V1 VIP calcium activity that gates a multiplicative increase in pyramidal-cell visual gain — was established by ^{2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}7, who showed that locomotion activates V1 VIP neurons via a nicotinic basal-forebrain input and produces gain enhancement that is abolished when VIP cells are silenced. Two-photon imaging during he...
^{2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}8 The single most influential in-vivo result for the field — that running mice show a sharp increase in V1 VIP calcium activity that gates a multiplicative increase in pyramidal-cell visual gain — was established by ^{2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}9, who showed that locomotion activates V1 VIP neurons via a nicotinic basal-forebrain input and produces gain enhancement that is abolished when VIP cells are silenced. Two-photon imaging during he...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}0 The single most influential in-vivo result for the field — that running mice show a sharp increase in V1 VIP calcium activity that gates a multiplicative increase in pyramidal-cell visual gain — was established by ^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}1, who showed that locomotion activates V1 VIP neurons via a nicotinic basal-forebrain input and produces gain enhancement that is abolished when VIP cells are silenced. Two-photon imaging during he...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}2 The single most influential in-vivo result for the field — that running mice show a sharp increase in V1 VIP calcium activity that gates a multiplicative increase in pyramidal-cell visual gain — was established by ^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}3, who showed that locomotion activates V1 VIP neurons via a nicotinic basal-forebrain input and produces gain enhancement that is abolished when VIP cells are silenced. Two-photon imaging during he...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}4 The single most influential in-vivo result for the field — that running mice show a sharp increase in V1 VIP calcium activity that gates a multiplicative increase in pyramidal-cell visual gain — was established by ^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}5, who showed that locomotion activates V1 VIP neurons via a nicotinic basal-forebrain input and produces gain enhancement that is abolished when VIP cells are silenced. Two-photon imaging during he...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}6 A subtler issue, often glossed in summary diagrams, is that the V1 locomotion signal is composite: it carries cholinergic, noradrenergic, and arousal-related components that load differently on VIP cells depending on whether the animal is running, simply pupil-dilated, or actively engaged in a task ^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}7. Pupil-tracked arousal alone — without locomotion — is sufficient to e...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}8 A subtler issue, often glossed in summary diagrams, is that the V1 locomotion signal is composite: it carries cholinergic, noradrenergic, and arousal-related components that load differently on VIP cells depending on whether the animal is running, simply pupil-dilated, or actively engaged in a task ^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}9. Pupil-tracked arousal alone — without locomotion — is sufficient to e...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}0 A subtler issue, often glossed in summary diagrams, is that the V1 locomotion signal is composite: it carries cholinergic, noradrenergic, and arousal-related components that load differently on VIP cells depending on whether the animal is running, simply pupil-dilated, or actively engaged in a task ^{3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}1. Pupil-tracked arousal alone — without locomotion — is sufficient to e...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}2 A subtler issue, often glossed in summary diagrams, is that the V1 locomotion signal is composite: it carries cholinergic, noradrenergic, and arousal-related components that load differently on VIP cells depending on whether the animal is running, simply pupil-dilated, or actively engaged in a task ^{3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}3. Pupil-tracked arousal alone — without locomotion — is sufficient to e...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}4 A subtler issue, often glossed in summary diagrams, is that the V1 locomotion signal is composite: it carries cholinergic, noradrenergic, and arousal-related components that load differently on VIP cells depending on whether the animal is running, simply pupil-dilated, or actively engaged in a task ^{3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}5. Pupil-tracked arousal alone — without locomotion — is sufficient to e...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}6 A subtler issue, often glossed in summary diagrams, is that the V1 locomotion signal is composite: it carries cholinergic, noradrenergic, and arousal-related components that load differently on VIP cells depending on whether the animal is running, simply pupil-dilated, or actively engaged in a task ^{3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}7. Pupil-tracked arousal alone — without locomotion — is sufficient to e...
^{3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}8 A subtler issue, often glossed in summary diagrams, is that the V1 locomotion signal is composite: it carries cholinergic, noradrenergic, and arousal-related components that load differently on VIP cells depending on whether the animal is running, simply pupil-dilated, or actively engaged in a task ^{3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}9. Pupil-tracked arousal alone — without locomotion — is sufficient to e...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}0 A subtler issue, often glossed in summary diagrams, is that the V1 locomotion signal is composite: it carries cholinergic, noradrenergic, and arousal-related components that load differently on VIP cells depending on whether the animal is running, simply pupil-dilated, or actively engaged in a task ^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}1. Pupil-tracked arousal alone — without locomotion — is sufficient to e...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}2 A parallel line of in-vivo work, originating with Prior work ^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}3, established that cortical VIP cells are recruited not only by motor state but by reinforcement: phasic reward and punishment delivered during operant behaviour produced rapid, large-amplitude VIP activation in auditory cortex, mPFC, and primary somatosensory cortex (S1), with optogenetic VIP inhibition disrupting performance on the discrimination...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}4 A parallel line of in-vivo work, originating with Prior work ^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}5, established that cortical VIP cells are recruited not only by motor state but by reinforcement: phasic reward and punishment delivered during operant behaviour produced rapid, large-amplitude VIP activation in auditory cortex, mPFC, and primary somatosensory cortex (S1), with optogenetic VIP inhibition disrupting performance on the discrimination...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}6 A parallel line of in-vivo work, originating with Prior work ^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}7, established that cortical VIP cells are recruited not only by motor state but by reinforcement: phasic reward and punishment delivered during operant behaviour produced rapid, large-amplitude VIP activation in auditory cortex, mPFC, and primary somatosensory cortex (S1), with optogenetic VIP inhibition disrupting performance on the discrimination...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}8 A parallel line of in-vivo work, originating with Prior work ^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}9, established that cortical VIP cells are recruited not only by motor state but by reinforcement: phasic reward and punishment delivered during operant behaviour produced rapid, large-amplitude VIP activation in auditory cortex, mPFC, and primary somatosensory cortex (S1), with optogenetic VIP inhibition disrupting performance on the discrimination...
^{4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}0 A parallel line of in-vivo work, originating with Prior work ^{4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}1, established that cortical VIP cells are recruited not only by motor state but by reinforcement: phasic reward and punishment delivered during operant behaviour produced rapid, large-amplitude VIP activation in auditory cortex, mPFC, and primary somatosensory cortex (S1), with optogenetic VIP inhibition disrupting performance on the discrimination...
^{4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}2 A parallel line of in-vivo work, originating with Prior work ^{4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}3, established that cortical VIP cells are recruited not only by motor state but by reinforcement: phasic reward and punishment delivered during operant behaviour produced rapid, large-amplitude VIP activation in auditory cortex, mPFC, and primary somatosensory cortex (S1), with optogenetic VIP inhibition disrupting performance on the discrimination...
^{4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}4 A parallel line of in-vivo work, originating with Prior work ^{4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}5, established that cortical VIP cells are recruited not only by motor state but by reinforcement: phasic reward and punishment delivered during operant behaviour produced rapid, large-amplitude VIP activation in auditory cortex, mPFC, and primary somatosensory cortex (S1), with optogenetic VIP inhibition disrupting performance on the discrimination...
^{4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}6 A parallel line of in-vivo work, originating with Prior work ^{4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}7, established that cortical VIP cells are recruited not only by motor state but by reinforcement: phasic reward and punishment delivered during operant behaviour produced rapid, large-amplitude VIP activation in auditory cortex, mPFC, and primary somatosensory cortex (S1), with optogenetic VIP inhibition disrupting performance on the discrimination...
^{4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}8 A parallel line of in-vivo work, originating with Prior work ^{4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}9, established that cortical VIP cells are recruited not only by motor state but by reinforcement: phasic reward and punishment delivered during operant behaviour produced rapid, large-amplitude VIP activation in auditory cortex, mPFC, and primary somatosensory cortex (S1), with optogenetic VIP inhibition disrupting performance on the discrimination...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}0 The reinforcement-related VIP signal is also recruited by aversive contexts. In anterior insular cortex, VIP cells gate aversive-stimulus encoding and contribute to fear-related behaviour ^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}1. In mPFC, optogenetic activation of VIP cells ameliorates fear-related stress-induced behavioural deficits, consistent with a permissive role for VIP-mediated disinhibition in flexible affective control. Amygdala V...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}2 The reinforcement-related VIP signal is also recruited by aversive contexts. In anterior insular cortex, VIP cells gate aversive-stimulus encoding and contribute to fear-related behaviour ^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}3. In mPFC, optogenetic activation of VIP cells ameliorates fear-related stress-induced behavioural deficits, consistent with a permissive role for VIP-mediated disinhibition in flexible affective control. Amygdala V...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}4 The reinforcement-related VIP signal is also recruited by aversive contexts. In anterior insular cortex, VIP cells gate aversive-stimulus encoding and contribute to fear-related behaviour ^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}5. In mPFC, optogenetic activation of VIP cells ameliorates fear-related stress-induced behavioural deficits, consistent with a permissive role for VIP-mediated disinhibition in flexible affective control. Amygdala V...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}6 The reinforcement-related VIP signal is also recruited by aversive contexts. In anterior insular cortex, VIP cells gate aversive-stimulus encoding and contribute to fear-related behaviour ^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}7. In mPFC, optogenetic activation of VIP cells ameliorates fear-related stress-induced behavioural deficits, consistent with a permissive role for VIP-mediated disinhibition in flexible affective control. Amygdala V...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}8 The reinforcement-related VIP signal is also recruited by aversive contexts. In anterior insular cortex, VIP cells gate aversive-stimulus encoding and contribute to fear-related behaviour ^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}9. In mPFC, optogenetic activation of VIP cells ameliorates fear-related stress-induced behavioural deficits, consistent with a permissive role for VIP-mediated disinhibition in flexible affective control. Amygdala V...
^{5Citationpaper:paper-acf576c0a2edIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}0 ^{5Citationpaper:paper-acf576c0a2edIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}1 reported that reward and punishment produced similar phasic activation across the recorded VIP population, implying a single “gating” signal applied uniformly to the class. More recent recordings paint a more heterogeneous picture: in S1 during a Go/NoGo task ^{5Citationpaper:paper-acf576c0a2edIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}2 showed that VIP cells are activated by sensory cues and licking but not by reinforcement itself, and ^{5Citationpaper:paper-acf576c0a2edIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}3 reported that S...
^{5Citationpaper:paper-acf576c0a2edIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}4 ^{5Citationpaper:paper-acf576c0a2edIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}5 reported that reward and punishment produced similar phasic activation across the recorded VIP population, implying a single “gating” signal applied uniformly to the class. More recent recordings paint a more heterogeneous picture: in S1 during a Go/NoGo task ^{5Citationpaper:paper-acf576c0a2edIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}6 showed that VIP cells are activated by sensory cues and licking but not by reinforcement itself, and ^{5Citationpaper:paper-acf576c0a2edIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}7 reported that S...
^{5Citationpaper:paper-acf576c0a2edIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}8 ^{5Citationpaper:paper-acf576c0a2edIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}9 reported that reward and punishment produced similar phasic activation across the recorded VIP population, implying a single “gating” signal applied uniformly to the class. More recent recordings paint a more heterogeneous picture: in S1 during a Go/NoGo task ^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}0 showed that VIP cells are activated by sensory cues and licking but not by reinforcement itself, and ^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}1 reported that S...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}2 ^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}3 reported that reward and punishment produced similar phasic activation across the recorded VIP population, implying a single “gating” signal applied uniformly to the class. More recent recordings paint a more heterogeneous picture: in S1 during a Go/NoGo task ^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}4 showed that VIP cells are activated by sensory cues and licking but not by reinforcement itself, and ^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}5 reported that S...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}6 ^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}7 reported that reward and punishment produced similar phasic activation across the recorded VIP population, implying a single “gating” signal applied uniformly to the class. More recent recordings paint a more heterogeneous picture: in S1 during a Go/NoGo task ^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}8 showed that VIP cells are activated by sensory cues and licking but not by reinforcement itself, and ^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}9 reported that S...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}00 ^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}01 reported that reward and punishment produced similar phasic activation across the recorded VIP population, implying a single “gating” signal applied uniformly to the class. More recent recordings paint a more heterogeneous picture: in S1 during a Go/NoGo task ^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}02 showed that VIP cells are activated by sensory cues and licking but not by reinforcement itself, and ^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}03 reported that S...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}04 ^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}05 reported that reward and punishment produced similar phasic activation across the recorded VIP population, implying a single “gating” signal applied uniformly to the class. More recent recordings paint a more heterogeneous picture: in S1 during a Go/NoGo task ^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}06 showed that VIP cells are activated by sensory cues and licking but not by reinforcement itself, and ^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}07 reported that S...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}08 A central tension in the in-vivo literature is whether VIP cells primarily transmit state and reinforcement signals to local circuits or whether they themselves encode features of the sensory stimulus. The state-messenger reading was crystallised by ^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}09, whose V1 recordings emphasised that the locomotion-evoked VIP response was largely insensitive to grating orientation or contrast and behaved as a multiplicati...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}10 A central tension in the in-vivo literature is whether VIP cells primarily transmit state and reinforcement signals to local circuits or whether they themselves encode features of the sensory stimulus. The state-messenger reading was crystallised by ^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}11, whose V1 recordings emphasised that the locomotion-evoked VIP response was largely insensitive to grating orientation or contrast and behaved as a multiplicati...
^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}12 A central tension in the in-vivo literature is whether VIP cells primarily transmit state and reinforcement signals to local circuits or whether they themselves encode features of the sensory stimulus. The state-messenger reading was crystallised by ^{1Citationpaper:paper-5cfe39bf225dIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 2Citationpaper:paper-065a0eae69a5In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 3Citationpaper:paper-f02f24cb44ffIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference, 4Citationpaper:paper-6552e7a00e2eIn awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...content/08_in_vivo_behavior.md:line 5Open reference}13, whose V1 recordings emphasised that the locomotion-evoked VIP response was largely insensitive to grating orientation or contrast and behaved as a multiplicati...
... 263 additional anchors in refs_json

References

[Fu2014] paper:paper-5cfe39bf225d “In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...”
[Pi2013] paper:paper-065a0eae69a5 “In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...”
[Lee2013] paper:paper-f02f24cb44ff “In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...”
[Kamigaki2017] paper:paper-6552e7a00e2e “In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...”
[Pakan2016] paper:paper-acf576c0a2ed “In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...”
[Dipoppa2018] paper:paper-f457e091013f “In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...”
[Yavorska2021] paper:paper-efd019ed56b7 “In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...”
[Garciajuncoclemente2017] paper:paper-72c62fa2ff0b “In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...”
[Kannan2022] paper:paper-5e76016e87f0 “In awake animals, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons are reliably recruited by locomotion, arousal, and reinforcement signals, and their activation is causally linked to gain enhancement in primary visual cortex (V1) and to attentional and learning-related disinhibition in multiple cortical territories [Fu2014,Pi2013,Lee2013,Kamigaki2017]. The thesis of this section is two-sided: in-vivo VIP...”
[Reimer2014] paper:paper-9d519fdbce3c “The single most influential in-vivo result for the field — that running mice show a sharp increase in V1 VIP calcium activity that gates a multiplicative increase in pyramidal-cell visual gain — was established by [Fu2014], who showed that locomotion activates V1 VIP neurons via a nicotinic basal-forebrain input and produces gain enhancement that is abolished when VIP cells are silenced. Two-photon imaging during he...”
[Batistabrito2017] paper:paper-225bd344d49d “The single most influential in-vivo result for the field — that running mice show a sharp increase in V1 VIP calcium activity that gates a multiplicative increase in pyramidal-cell visual gain — was established by [Fu2014], who showed that locomotion activates V1 VIP neurons via a nicotinic basal-forebrain input and produces gain enhancement that is abolished when VIP cells are silenced. Two-photon imaging during he...”
[Veit2023] paper:paper-d895aafe5d83 “The single most influential in-vivo result for the field — that running mice show a sharp increase in V1 VIP calcium activity that gates a multiplicative increase in pyramidal-cell visual gain — was established by [Fu2014], who showed that locomotion activates V1 VIP neurons via a nicotinic basal-forebrain input and produces gain enhancement that is abolished when VIP cells are silenced. Two-photon imaging during he...”
[Collins2023] paper:paper-dda14bee3558 “A subtler issue, often glossed in summary diagrams, is that the V1 locomotion signal is composite: it carries cholinergic, noradrenergic, and arousal-related components that load differently on VIP cells depending on whether the animal is running, simply pupil-dilated, or actively engaged in a task [Reimer2014,Garciajuncoclemente2017,Collins2023]. Pupil-tracked arousal alone — without locomotion — is sufficient to e...”
[Munoz2017] paper:paper-3f5bd9932217 “A subtler issue, often glossed in summary diagrams, is that the V1 locomotion signal is composite: it carries cholinergic, noradrenergic, and arousal-related components that load differently on VIP cells depending on whether the animal is running, simply pupil-dilated, or actively engaged in a task [Reimer2014,Garciajuncoclemente2017,Collins2023]. Pupil-tracked arousal alone — without locomotion — is sufficient to e...”
[Kuchibhotla2017] paper:paper-73696115e165 “A subtler issue, often glossed in summary diagrams, is that the V1 locomotion signal is composite: it carries cholinergic, noradrenergic, and arousal-related components that load differently on VIP cells depending on whether the animal is running, simply pupil-dilated, or actively engaged in a task [Reimer2014,Garciajuncoclemente2017,Collins2023]. Pupil-tracked arousal alone — without locomotion — is sufficient to e...”
[Szadai2022] paper:paper-bdbf12818a4b “A parallel line of in-vivo work, originating with Prior work [Pi2013], established that cortical VIP cells are recruited not only by motor state but by reinforcement: phasic reward and punishment delivered during operant behaviour produced rapid, large-amplitude VIP activation in auditory cortex, mPFC, and primary somatosensory cortex (S1), with optogenetic VIP inhibition disrupting performance on the discrimination...”
[Pinto2015] paper:paper-6fb6c7efe883 “A parallel line of in-vivo work, originating with Prior work [Pi2013], established that cortical VIP cells are recruited not only by motor state but by reinforcement: phasic reward and punishment delivered during operant behaviour produced rapid, large-amplitude VIP activation in auditory cortex, mPFC, and primary somatosensory cortex (S1), with optogenetic VIP inhibition disrupting performance on the discrimination...”
[Lee2023b] paper:paper-1ab6444cef56 “A parallel line of in-vivo work, originating with Prior work [Pi2013], established that cortical VIP cells are recruited not only by motor state but by reinforcement: phasic reward and punishment delivered during operant behaviour produced rapid, large-amplitude VIP activation in auditory cortex, mPFC, and primary somatosensory cortex (S1), with optogenetic VIP inhibition disrupting performance on the discrimination...”
[Krabbe2019] paper:paper-6864c305085a “A parallel line of in-vivo work, originating with Prior work [Pi2013], established that cortical VIP cells are recruited not only by motor state but by reinforcement: phasic reward and punishment delivered during operant behaviour produced rapid, large-amplitude VIP activation in auditory cortex, mPFC, and primary somatosensory cortex (S1), with optogenetic VIP inhibition disrupting performance on the discrimination...”
[Sachidhanandam2016] paper:paper-1225aab9d0ad “A parallel line of in-vivo work, originating with Prior work [Pi2013], established that cortical VIP cells are recruited not only by motor state but by reinforcement: phasic reward and punishment delivered during operant behaviour produced rapid, large-amplitude VIP activation in auditory cortex, mPFC, and primary somatosensory cortex (S1), with optogenetic VIP inhibition disrupting performance on the discrimination...”
[Zou2023] paper:paper-280776af25aa “A parallel line of in-vivo work, originating with Prior work [Pi2013], established that cortical VIP cells are recruited not only by motor state but by reinforcement: phasic reward and punishment delivered during operant behaviour produced rapid, large-amplitude VIP activation in auditory cortex, mPFC, and primary somatosensory cortex (S1), with optogenetic VIP inhibition disrupting performance on the discrimination...”
[Ramosprats2022] paper:paper-40dd64094880 “The reinforcement-related VIP signal is also recruited by aversive contexts. In anterior insular cortex, VIP cells gate aversive-stimulus encoding and contribute to fear-related behaviour [Ramosprats2022]. In mPFC, optogenetic activation of VIP cells ameliorates fear-related stress-induced behavioural deficits, consistent with a permissive role for VIP-mediated disinhibition in flexible affective control. Amygdala V...”
[Favila2025] paper:paper-1f07b02132ca “The reinforcement-related VIP signal is also recruited by aversive contexts. In anterior insular cortex, VIP cells gate aversive-stimulus encoding and contribute to fear-related behaviour [Ramosprats2022]. In mPFC, optogenetic activation of VIP cells ameliorates fear-related stress-induced behavioural deficits, consistent with a permissive role for VIP-mediated disinhibition in flexible affective control. Amygdala V...”
[Ramamurthy2023] paper:paper-370651bf5039 “[Pi2013] reported that reward and punishment produced similar phasic activation across the recorded VIP population, implying a single "gating" signal applied uniformly to the class. More recent recordings paint a more heterogeneous picture: in S1 during a Go/NoGo task [Ramamurthy2023] showed that VIP cells are activated by sensory cues and licking but not by reinforcement itself, and [Ramamurthy2025] reported that S...”
[Ramamurthy2025] paper:paper-0da8c0d7ab59 “[Pi2013] reported that reward and punishment produced similar phasic activation across the recorded VIP population, implying a single "gating" signal applied uniformly to the class. More recent recordings paint a more heterogeneous picture: in S1 during a Go/NoGo task [Ramamurthy2023] showed that VIP cells are activated by sensory cues and licking but not by reinforcement itself, and [Ramamurthy2025] reported that S...”
[Mesik2015] paper:paper-8d1fa24c1313 “A central tension in the in-vivo literature is whether VIP cells primarily transmit state and reinforcement signals to local circuits or whether they themselves encode features of the sensory stimulus. The state-messenger reading was crystallised by [Fu2014], whose V1 recordings emphasised that the locomotion-evoked VIP response was largely insensitive to grating orientation or contrast and behaved as a multiplicati...”
[Millman2020] paper:paper-f2c584233c97 “A central tension in the in-vivo literature is whether VIP cells primarily transmit state and reinforcement signals to local circuits or whether they themselves encode features of the sensory stimulus. The state-messenger reading was crystallised by [Fu2014], whose V1 recordings emphasised that the locomotion-evoked VIP response was largely insensitive to grating orientation or contrast and behaved as a multiplicati...”

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