Mechanistic pathways by which microbiome-based interventions influence neurodegenerative disease progression

PMID:41459056 reviewed that probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics can modulate the microbiota-gut-brain axis to influence AD, PD, MS, ALS, and HD. However, which specific microbial species, metabolites (SCFAs, bile acids, tryptophan derivatives), and gut-brain signaling pathways mediate observed neurological benefits is largely unknown. Clinical trial design remains empirical.