Recurrent amplification and inhibition-stabilized operation in mouse cortex

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Recurrent amplification and inhibition-stabilized operation in mouse cortex

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  • 1Citationpaper:paper-73146022940dThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...

  • 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...

  • 3Citationpaper:paper-e15053dfa039The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...

  • 4Citationpaper:paper-1e48f47c8295The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...

  • 5Citationpaper:paper-5989bc007d71The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...

  • 1Citationpaper:paper-73146022940dThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...

  • 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...

  • 6Citationpaper:paper-5135d667ceacThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...

  • 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...

  • 3Citationpaper:paper-e15053dfa039The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...

  • 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference0 The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...

  • 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference1 The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...

  • 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference2 The first direct mouse demonstration in matched units came from a multi-area optogenetic experiment in which broad activation of inhibitory neurons in V1, S1, and motor cortex of awake animals produced a transient decrease — not increase — in inhibitory firing rates, consistent with the ISN prediction 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference3. 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference4 recorded six well-isolated inhibitory units in the dark to remove visual drive and quan...

  • 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference5 The first direct mouse demonstration in matched units came from a multi-area optogenetic experiment in which broad activation of inhibitory neurons in V1, S1, and motor cortex of awake animals produced a transient decrease — not increase — in inhibitory firing rates, consistent with the ISN prediction 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference6. 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference7 recorded six well-isolated inhibitory units in the dark to remove visual drive and quan...

  • 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference8 The first direct mouse demonstration in matched units came from a multi-area optogenetic experiment in which broad activation of inhibitory neurons in V1, S1, and motor cortex of awake animals produced a transient decrease — not increase — in inhibitory firing rates, consistent with the ISN prediction 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference9. 3Citationpaper:paper-e15053dfa039The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference0 recorded six well-isolated inhibitory units in the dark to remove visual drive and quan...

  • 3Citationpaper:paper-e15053dfa039The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference1 The first direct mouse demonstration in matched units came from a multi-area optogenetic experiment in which broad activation of inhibitory neurons in V1, S1, and motor cortex of awake animals produced a transient decrease — not increase — in inhibitory firing rates, consistent with the ISN prediction 3Citationpaper:paper-e15053dfa039The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference2. 3Citationpaper:paper-e15053dfa039The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference3 recorded six well-isolated inhibitory units in the dark to remove visual drive and quan...

  • 3Citationpaper:paper-e15053dfa039The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference4 The first direct mouse demonstration in matched units came from a multi-area optogenetic experiment in which broad activation of inhibitory neurons in V1, S1, and motor cortex of awake animals produced a transient decrease — not increase — in inhibitory firing rates, consistent with the ISN prediction 3Citationpaper:paper-e15053dfa039The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference5. 3Citationpaper:paper-e15053dfa039The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference6 recorded six well-isolated inhibitory units in the dark to remove visual drive and quan...

  • 3Citationpaper:paper-e15053dfa039The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference7 The first direct mouse demonstration in matched units came from a multi-area optogenetic experiment in which broad activation of inhibitory neurons in V1, S1, and motor cortex of awake animals produced a transient decrease — not increase — in inhibitory firing rates, consistent with the ISN prediction 3Citationpaper:paper-e15053dfa039The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference8. 3Citationpaper:paper-e15053dfa039The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference9 recorded six well-isolated inhibitory units in the dark to remove visual drive and quan...

  • 4Citationpaper:paper-1e48f47c8295The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference0 The first direct mouse demonstration in matched units came from a multi-area optogenetic experiment in which broad activation of inhibitory neurons in V1, S1, and motor cortex of awake animals produced a transient decrease — not increase — in inhibitory firing rates, consistent with the ISN prediction 4Citationpaper:paper-1e48f47c8295The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference1. 4Citationpaper:paper-1e48f47c8295The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference2 recorded six well-isolated inhibitory units in the dark to remove visual drive and quan...

  • 4Citationpaper:paper-1e48f47c8295The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference3 The first direct mouse demonstration in matched units came from a multi-area optogenetic experiment in which broad activation of inhibitory neurons in V1, S1, and motor cortex of awake animals produced a transient decrease — not increase — in inhibitory firing rates, consistent with the ISN prediction 4Citationpaper:paper-1e48f47c8295The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference4. 4Citationpaper:paper-1e48f47c8295The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference5 recorded six well-isolated inhibitory units in the dark to remove visual drive and quan...

  • 4Citationpaper:paper-1e48f47c8295The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference6 The first direct mouse demonstration in matched units came from a multi-area optogenetic experiment in which broad activation of inhibitory neurons in V1, S1, and motor cortex of awake animals produced a transient decrease — not increase — in inhibitory firing rates, consistent with the ISN prediction 4Citationpaper:paper-1e48f47c8295The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference7. 4Citationpaper:paper-1e48f47c8295The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference8 recorded six well-isolated inhibitory units in the dark to remove visual drive and quan...

  • 4Citationpaper:paper-1e48f47c8295The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference9 The first direct mouse demonstration in matched units came from a multi-area optogenetic experiment in which broad activation of inhibitory neurons in V1, S1, and motor cortex of awake animals produced a transient decrease — not increase — in inhibitory firing rates, consistent with the ISN prediction 5Citationpaper:paper-5989bc007d71The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference0. 5Citationpaper:paper-5989bc007d71The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference1 recorded six well-isolated inhibitory units in the dark to remove visual drive and quan...

  • 5Citationpaper:paper-5989bc007d71The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference2 The first direct mouse demonstration in matched units came from a multi-area optogenetic experiment in which broad activation of inhibitory neurons in V1, S1, and motor cortex of awake animals produced a transient decrease — not increase — in inhibitory firing rates, consistent with the ISN prediction 5Citationpaper:paper-5989bc007d71The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference3. 5Citationpaper:paper-5989bc007d71The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference4 recorded six well-isolated inhibitory units in the dark to remove visual drive and quan...

  • 5Citationpaper:paper-5989bc007d71The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference5 The first direct mouse demonstration in matched units came from a multi-area optogenetic experiment in which broad activation of inhibitory neurons in V1, S1, and motor cortex of awake animals produced a transient decrease — not increase — in inhibitory firing rates, consistent with the ISN prediction 5Citationpaper:paper-5989bc007d71The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference6. 5Citationpaper:paper-5989bc007d71The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference7 recorded six well-isolated inhibitory units in the dark to remove visual drive and quan...

  • 5Citationpaper:paper-5989bc007d71The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference8 The first direct mouse demonstration in matched units came from a multi-area optogenetic experiment in which broad activation of inhibitory neurons in V1, S1, and motor cortex of awake animals produced a transient decrease — not increase — in inhibitory firing rates, consistent with the ISN prediction 5Citationpaper:paper-5989bc007d71The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference9. 1Citationpaper:paper-73146022940dThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference0 recorded six well-isolated inhibitory units in the dark to remove visual drive and quan...

  • 1Citationpaper:paper-73146022940dThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference1 The first direct mouse demonstration in matched units came from a multi-area optogenetic experiment in which broad activation of inhibitory neurons in V1, S1, and motor cortex of awake animals produced a transient decrease — not increase — in inhibitory firing rates, consistent with the ISN prediction 1Citationpaper:paper-73146022940dThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference2. 1Citationpaper:paper-73146022940dThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference3 recorded six well-isolated inhibitory units in the dark to remove visual drive and quan...

  • 1Citationpaper:paper-73146022940dThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference4 The first direct mouse demonstration in matched units came from a multi-area optogenetic experiment in which broad activation of inhibitory neurons in V1, S1, and motor cortex of awake animals produced a transient decrease — not increase — in inhibitory firing rates, consistent with the ISN prediction 1Citationpaper:paper-73146022940dThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference5. 1Citationpaper:paper-73146022940dThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference6 recorded six well-isolated inhibitory units in the dark to remove visual drive and quan...

  • 1Citationpaper:paper-73146022940dThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference7 Paradoxical-effect signatures in mouse cortex. (A) 1Citationpaper:paper-73146022940dThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference8 recorded inhibitory units in mouse V1, S1, and motor cortex during VGAT-ChR2 activation in the dark; six units gave a median initial firing-rate slope of −6.9 ± 3.5 spk/s (p = 0.046; 6/6 negative). The figure restricts the empirical comparison to studies that report firing-rate responses in matched units (spk/s). (B) 1Citationpaper:paper-73146022940dThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference9 recorded paradoxical...

  • 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference0 Paradoxical-effect signatures in mouse cortex. (A) 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference1 recorded inhibitory units in mouse V1, S1, and motor cortex during VGAT-ChR2 activation in the dark; six units gave a median initial firing-rate slope of −6.9 ± 3.5 spk/s (p = 0.046; 6/6 negative). The figure restricts the empirical comparison to studies that report firing-rate responses in matched units (spk/s). (B) 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference2 recorded paradoxical...

  • 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference3 Paradoxical-effect signatures in mouse cortex. (A) 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference4 recorded inhibitory units in mouse V1, S1, and motor cortex during VGAT-ChR2 activation in the dark; six units gave a median initial firing-rate slope of −6.9 ± 3.5 spk/s (p = 0.046; 6/6 negative). The figure restricts the empirical comparison to studies that report firing-rate responses in matched units (spk/s). (B) 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference5 recorded paradoxical...

  • 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference6 Paradoxical-effect signatures in mouse cortex. (A) 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference7 recorded inhibitory units in mouse V1, S1, and motor cortex during VGAT-ChR2 activation in the dark; six units gave a median initial firing-rate slope of −6.9 ± 3.5 spk/s (p = 0.046; 6/6 negative). The figure restricts the empirical comparison to studies that report firing-rate responses in matched units (spk/s). (B) 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference8 recorded paradoxical...

  • 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference9 Paradoxical-effect signatures in mouse cortex. (A) 6Citationpaper:paper-5135d667ceacThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference0 recorded inhibitory units in mouse V1, S1, and motor cortex during VGAT-ChR2 activation in the dark; six units gave a median initial firing-rate slope of −6.9 ± 3.5 spk/s (p = 0.046; 6/6 negative). The figure restricts the empirical comparison to studies that report firing-rate responses in matched units (spk/s). (B) 6Citationpaper:paper-5135d667ceacThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference1 recorded paradoxical...

  • 6Citationpaper:paper-5135d667ceacThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference2 Paradoxical-effect signatures in mouse cortex. (A) 6Citationpaper:paper-5135d667ceacThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference3 recorded inhibitory units in mouse V1, S1, and motor cortex during VGAT-ChR2 activation in the dark; six units gave a median initial firing-rate slope of −6.9 ± 3.5 spk/s (p = 0.046; 6/6 negative). The figure restricts the empirical comparison to studies that report firing-rate responses in matched units (spk/s). (B) 6Citationpaper:paper-5135d667ceacThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference4 recorded paradoxical...

  • 6Citationpaper:paper-5135d667ceacThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference5 The paradoxical effect was originally derived in two-population (E, I) rate-model networks, where its appearance is a logical consequence of an unstable E→E loop 6Citationpaper:paper-5135d667ceacThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference6. Cortex has at least three inhibitory classes — PV, SOM, VIP — and the diagnostic is not preserved under the change of variables. In a four-population (PYR/PV/SST/VIP) network analysis, 6Citationpaper:paper-5135d667ceacThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference7 showed that paradoxical inhibi...

  • 6Citationpaper:paper-5135d667ceacThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference8 The paradoxical effect was originally derived in two-population (E, I) rate-model networks, where its appearance is a logical consequence of an unstable E→E loop 6Citationpaper:paper-5135d667ceacThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference9. Cortex has at least three inhibitory classes — PV, SOM, VIP — and the diagnostic is not preserved under the change of variables. In a four-population (PYR/PV/SST/VIP) network analysis, 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference0 showed that paradoxical inhibi...

  • 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference1 The paradoxical effect was originally derived in two-population (E, I) rate-model networks, where its appearance is a logical consequence of an unstable E→E loop 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference2. Cortex has at least three inhibitory classes — PV, SOM, VIP — and the diagnostic is not preserved under the change of variables. In a four-population (PYR/PV/SST/VIP) network analysis, 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference3 showed that paradoxical inhibi...

  • 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference4 The paradoxical effect was originally derived in two-population (E, I) rate-model networks, where its appearance is a logical consequence of an unstable E→E loop 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference5. Cortex has at least three inhibitory classes — PV, SOM, VIP — and the diagnostic is not preserved under the change of variables. In a four-population (PYR/PV/SST/VIP) network analysis, 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference6 showed that paradoxical inhibi...

  • 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference7 The paradoxical effect was originally derived in two-population (E, I) rate-model networks, where its appearance is a logical consequence of an unstable E→E loop 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference8. Cortex has at least three inhibitory classes — PV, SOM, VIP — and the diagnostic is not preserved under the change of variables. In a four-population (PYR/PV/SST/VIP) network analysis, 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference9 showed that paradoxical inhibi...

  • 3Citationpaper:paper-e15053dfa039The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference0 The paradoxical effect was originally derived in two-population (E, I) rate-model networks, where its appearance is a logical consequence of an unstable E→E loop 3Citationpaper:paper-e15053dfa039The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference1. Cortex has at least three inhibitory classes — PV, SOM, VIP — and the diagnostic is not preserved under the change of variables. In a four-population (PYR/PV/SST/VIP) network analysis, 3Citationpaper:paper-e15053dfa039The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference2 showed that paradoxical inhibi...

  • 3Citationpaper:paper-e15053dfa039The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference3 The paradoxical effect was originally derived in two-population (E, I) rate-model networks, where its appearance is a logical consequence of an unstable E→E loop 3Citationpaper:paper-e15053dfa039The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference4. Cortex has at least three inhibitory classes — PV, SOM, VIP — and the diagnostic is not preserved under the change of variables. In a four-population (PYR/PV/SST/VIP) network analysis, 3Citationpaper:paper-e15053dfa039The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference5 showed that paradoxical inhibi...

  • 3Citationpaper:paper-e15053dfa039The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference6 The paradoxical effect was originally derived in two-population (E, I) rate-model networks, where its appearance is a logical consequence of an unstable E→E loop 3Citationpaper:paper-e15053dfa039The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference7. Cortex has at least three inhibitory classes — PV, SOM, VIP — and the diagnostic is not preserved under the change of variables. In a four-population (PYR/PV/SST/VIP) network analysis, 3Citationpaper:paper-e15053dfa039The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference8 showed that paradoxical inhibi...

  • 3Citationpaper:paper-e15053dfa039The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference9 The paradoxical effect was originally derived in two-population (E, I) rate-model networks, where its appearance is a logical consequence of an unstable E→E loop 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference00. Cortex has at least three inhibitory classes — PV, SOM, VIP — and the diagnostic is not preserved under the change of variables. In a four-population (PYR/PV/SST/VIP) network analysis, 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference01 showed that paradoxical inhibi...

  • 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference02 The paradoxical effect was originally derived in two-population (E, I) rate-model networks, where its appearance is a logical consequence of an unstable E→E loop 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference03. Cortex has at least three inhibitory classes — PV, SOM, VIP — and the diagnostic is not preserved under the change of variables. In a four-population (PYR/PV/SST/VIP) network analysis, 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference04 showed that paradoxical inhibi...

  • 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference05 The paradoxical effect was originally derived in two-population (E, I) rate-model networks, where its appearance is a logical consequence of an unstable E→E loop 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference06. Cortex has at least three inhibitory classes — PV, SOM, VIP — and the diagnostic is not preserved under the change of variables. In a four-population (PYR/PV/SST/VIP) network analysis, 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference07 showed that paradoxical inhibi...

  • 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference08 The paradoxical effect was originally derived in two-population (E, I) rate-model networks, where its appearance is a logical consequence of an unstable E→E loop 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference09. Cortex has at least three inhibitory classes — PV, SOM, VIP — and the diagnostic is not preserved under the change of variables. In a four-population (PYR/PV/SST/VIP) network analysis, 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference10 showed that paradoxical inhibi...

  • 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference11 The paradoxical effect was originally derived in two-population (E, I) rate-model networks, where its appearance is a logical consequence of an unstable E→E loop 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference12. Cortex has at least three inhibitory classes — PV, SOM, VIP — and the diagnostic is not preserved under the change of variables. In a four-population (PYR/PV/SST/VIP) network analysis, 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference13 showed that paradoxical inhibi...

  • 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference14 The paradoxical effect was originally derived in two-population (E, I) rate-model networks, where its appearance is a logical consequence of an unstable E→E loop 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference15. Cortex has at least three inhibitory classes — PV, SOM, VIP — and the diagnostic is not preserved under the change of variables. In a four-population (PYR/PV/SST/VIP) network analysis, 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference16 showed that paradoxical inhibi...

  • 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference17 The paradoxical effect was originally derived in two-population (E, I) rate-model networks, where its appearance is a logical consequence of an unstable E→E loop 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference18. Cortex has at least three inhibitory classes — PV, SOM, VIP — and the diagnostic is not preserved under the change of variables. In a four-population (PYR/PV/SST/VIP) network analysis, 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference19 showed that paradoxical inhibi...

  • 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference20 The paradoxical effect was originally derived in two-population (E, I) rate-model networks, where its appearance is a logical consequence of an unstable E→E loop 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference21. Cortex has at least three inhibitory classes — PV, SOM, VIP — and the diagnostic is not preserved under the change of variables. In a four-population (PYR/PV/SST/VIP) network analysis, 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference22 showed that paradoxical inhibi...

  • 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference23 The paradoxical effect was originally derived in two-population (E, I) rate-model networks, where its appearance is a logical consequence of an unstable E→E loop 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference24. Cortex has at least three inhibitory classes — PV, SOM, VIP — and the diagnostic is not preserved under the change of variables. In a four-population (PYR/PV/SST/VIP) network analysis, 2Citationpaper:paper-534291e9b1f8The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-areal provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference25 showed that paradoxical inhibi...

  • ... 117 additional anchors in refs_json

References

  1. [Murphy2009] paper:paper-73146022940d “The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}`sec-cross-areal` provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...”
  2. [Ahmadian2013] paper:paper-534291e9b1f8 “The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}`sec-cross-areal` provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...”
  3. [Rubin2015] paper:paper-e15053dfa039 “The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}`sec-cross-areal` provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...”
  4. [Hennequin2014] paper:paper-1e48f47c8295 “The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}`sec-cross-areal` provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...”
  5. [Kraynyukova2018] paper:paper-5989bc007d71 “The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}`sec-cross-areal` provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...”
  6. [Sadeh2017] paper:paper-5135d667ceac “The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}`sec-cross-areal` provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...”
  7. [Hennequin2018] paper:paper-818c0c4864de “The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}`sec-cross-areal` provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...”
  8. [Holt2024] paper:paper-21a697680a63 “The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}`sec-cross-areal` provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...”
  9. [Sanzeni2020] paper:paper-d6edd2b57842 “The first direct mouse demonstration in matched units came from a multi-area optogenetic experiment in which broad activation of inhibitory neurons in V1, S1, and motor cortex of awake animals produced a transient decrease — not increase — in inhibitory firing rates, consistent with the ISN prediction [Sanzeni2020]. [Sanzeni2020] recorded six well-isolated inhibitory units in the dark to remove visual drive and quan...”
  10. [Kato2017] paper:paper-b70be986ec0e “The first direct mouse demonstration in matched units came from a multi-area optogenetic experiment in which broad activation of inhibitory neurons in V1, S1, and motor cortex of awake animals produced a transient decrease — not increase — in inhibitory firing rates, consistent with the ISN prediction [Sanzeni2020]. [Sanzeni2020] recorded six well-isolated inhibitory units in the dark to remove visual drive and quan...”
  11. [Briguglio2018] paper:paper-5150525b71ad “The first direct mouse demonstration in matched units came from a multi-area optogenetic experiment in which broad activation of inhibitory neurons in V1, S1, and motor cortex of awake animals produced a transient decrease — not increase — in inhibitory firing rates, consistent with the ISN prediction [Sanzeni2020]. [Sanzeni2020] recorded six well-isolated inhibitory units in the dark to remove visual drive and quan...”
  12. [Li2019] paper:e0c6b75e-bb8d-471f-88d3-e00e2a65ed4d “The first direct mouse demonstration in matched units came from a multi-area optogenetic experiment in which broad activation of inhibitory neurons in V1, S1, and motor cortex of awake animals produced a transient decrease — not increase — in inhibitory firing rates, consistent with the ISN prediction [Sanzeni2020]. [Sanzeni2020] recorded six well-isolated inhibitory units in the dark to remove visual drive and quan...”
  13. [Yang2017] paper:paper-f450ef113660 “The first direct mouse demonstration in matched units came from a multi-area optogenetic experiment in which broad activation of inhibitory neurons in V1, S1, and motor cortex of awake animals produced a transient decrease — not increase — in inhibitory firing rates, consistent with the ISN prediction [Sanzeni2020]. [Sanzeni2020] recorded six well-isolated inhibitory units in the dark to remove visual drive and quan...”
  14. [RomeroSosa2021] paper:paper-cf99b8f6c806 “The first direct mouse demonstration in matched units came from a multi-area optogenetic experiment in which broad activation of inhibitory neurons in V1, S1, and motor cortex of awake animals produced a transient decrease — not increase — in inhibitory firing rates, consistent with the ISN prediction [Sanzeni2020]. [Sanzeni2020] recorded six well-isolated inhibitory units in the dark to remove visual drive and quan...”
  15. [Aponte2021] paper:paper-b6f844c72f1a “The first direct mouse demonstration in matched units came from a multi-area optogenetic experiment in which broad activation of inhibitory neurons in V1, S1, and motor cortex of awake animals produced a transient decrease — not increase — in inhibitory firing rates, consistent with the ISN prediction [Sanzeni2020]. [Sanzeni2020] recorded six well-isolated inhibitory units in the dark to remove visual drive and quan...”
  16. [Mahrach2020] paper:paper-38fe71bdf9b6 “**Paradoxical-effect signatures in mouse cortex.** (A) [Sanzeni2020] recorded inhibitory units in mouse V1, S1, and motor cortex during VGAT-ChR2 activation in the dark; six units gave a median initial firing-rate slope of −6.9 ± 3.5 spk/s (p = 0.046; 6/6 negative). The figure restricts the empirical comparison to studies that report firing-rate responses in matched units (spk/s). (B) [Kato2017] recorded paradoxical...”
  17. [LitwinKumar2016] paper:paper-8f25714ab7fe “The paradoxical effect was originally derived in two-population (E, I) rate-model networks, where its appearance is a logical consequence of an unstable E→E loop [Murphy2009, Ahmadian2013]. Cortex has at least three inhibitory classes — PV, SOM, VIP — and the diagnostic is not preserved under the change of variables. In a four-population (PYR/PV/SST/VIP) network analysis, [Mahrach2020] showed that paradoxical inhibi...”

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