Recurrent amplification and inhibition-stabilized operation in mouse cortex
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Source: https://github.com/AllenNeuralDynamics/ComputationalReviewRecurrence/blob/79ce062d54a924ce05953ec90aa9d26044d2b48f/content/09_amplification_isn.md
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1CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference The cross-areal wiring inventoried in{ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed... -
2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference The cross-areal wiring inventoried in{ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed... -
3CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference The cross-areal wiring inventoried in{ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed... -
4CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference The cross-areal wiring inventoried in{ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed... -
5CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference The cross-areal wiring inventoried in{ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed... -
1CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference The cross-areal wiring inventoried in{ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed... -
2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference The cross-areal wiring inventoried in{ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed... -
6CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference The cross-areal wiring inventoried in{ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed... -
2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference The cross-areal wiring inventoried in{ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed... -
3CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference The cross-areal wiring inventoried in{ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed... -
2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference0 The cross-areal wiring inventoried in{ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed... -
2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference1 The cross-areal wiring inventoried in{ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed... -
2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference2 The first direct mouse demonstration in matched units came from a multi-area optogenetic experiment in which broad activation of inhibitory neurons in V1, S1, and motor cortex of awake animals produced a transient decrease — not increase — in inhibitory firing rates, consistent with the ISN prediction 2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference3. 2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference4 recorded six well-isolated inhibitory units in the dark to remove visual drive and quan... -
2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference5 The first direct mouse demonstration in matched units came from a multi-area optogenetic experiment in which broad activation of inhibitory neurons in V1, S1, and motor cortex of awake animals produced a transient decrease — not increase — in inhibitory firing rates, consistent with the ISN prediction 2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference6. 2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference7 recorded six well-isolated inhibitory units in the dark to remove visual drive and quan... -
2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference8 The first direct mouse demonstration in matched units came from a multi-area optogenetic experiment in which broad activation of inhibitory neurons in V1, S1, and motor cortex of awake animals produced a transient decrease — not increase — in inhibitory firing rates, consistent with the ISN prediction 2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference9. 3CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference0 recorded six well-isolated inhibitory units in the dark to remove visual drive and quan... -
3CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference1 The first direct mouse demonstration in matched units came from a multi-area optogenetic experiment in which broad activation of inhibitory neurons in V1, S1, and motor cortex of awake animals produced a transient decrease — not increase — in inhibitory firing rates, consistent with the ISN prediction 3CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference2. 3CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference3 recorded six well-isolated inhibitory units in the dark to remove visual drive and quan... -
3CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference4 The first direct mouse demonstration in matched units came from a multi-area optogenetic experiment in which broad activation of inhibitory neurons in V1, S1, and motor cortex of awake animals produced a transient decrease — not increase — in inhibitory firing rates, consistent with the ISN prediction 3CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference5. 3CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference6 recorded six well-isolated inhibitory units in the dark to remove visual drive and quan... -
3CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference7 The first direct mouse demonstration in matched units came from a multi-area optogenetic experiment in which broad activation of inhibitory neurons in V1, S1, and motor cortex of awake animals produced a transient decrease — not increase — in inhibitory firing rates, consistent with the ISN prediction 3CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference8. 3CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference9 recorded six well-isolated inhibitory units in the dark to remove visual drive and quan... -
4CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference0 The first direct mouse demonstration in matched units came from a multi-area optogenetic experiment in which broad activation of inhibitory neurons in V1, S1, and motor cortex of awake animals produced a transient decrease — not increase — in inhibitory firing rates, consistent with the ISN prediction 4CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference1. 4CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference2 recorded six well-isolated inhibitory units in the dark to remove visual drive and quan... -
4CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference3 The first direct mouse demonstration in matched units came from a multi-area optogenetic experiment in which broad activation of inhibitory neurons in V1, S1, and motor cortex of awake animals produced a transient decrease — not increase — in inhibitory firing rates, consistent with the ISN prediction 4CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference4. 4CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference5 recorded six well-isolated inhibitory units in the dark to remove visual drive and quan... -
4CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference6 The first direct mouse demonstration in matched units came from a multi-area optogenetic experiment in which broad activation of inhibitory neurons in V1, S1, and motor cortex of awake animals produced a transient decrease — not increase — in inhibitory firing rates, consistent with the ISN prediction 4CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference7. 4CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference8 recorded six well-isolated inhibitory units in the dark to remove visual drive and quan... -
4CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference9 The first direct mouse demonstration in matched units came from a multi-area optogenetic experiment in which broad activation of inhibitory neurons in V1, S1, and motor cortex of awake animals produced a transient decrease — not increase — in inhibitory firing rates, consistent with the ISN prediction 5CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference0. 5CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference1 recorded six well-isolated inhibitory units in the dark to remove visual drive and quan... -
5CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference2 The first direct mouse demonstration in matched units came from a multi-area optogenetic experiment in which broad activation of inhibitory neurons in V1, S1, and motor cortex of awake animals produced a transient decrease — not increase — in inhibitory firing rates, consistent with the ISN prediction 5CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference3. 5CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference4 recorded six well-isolated inhibitory units in the dark to remove visual drive and quan... -
5CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference5 The first direct mouse demonstration in matched units came from a multi-area optogenetic experiment in which broad activation of inhibitory neurons in V1, S1, and motor cortex of awake animals produced a transient decrease — not increase — in inhibitory firing rates, consistent with the ISN prediction 5CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference6. 5CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference7 recorded six well-isolated inhibitory units in the dark to remove visual drive and quan... -
5CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference8 The first direct mouse demonstration in matched units came from a multi-area optogenetic experiment in which broad activation of inhibitory neurons in V1, S1, and motor cortex of awake animals produced a transient decrease — not increase — in inhibitory firing rates, consistent with the ISN prediction 5CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference9. 1CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference0 recorded six well-isolated inhibitory units in the dark to remove visual drive and quan... -
1CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference1 The first direct mouse demonstration in matched units came from a multi-area optogenetic experiment in which broad activation of inhibitory neurons in V1, S1, and motor cortex of awake animals produced a transient decrease — not increase — in inhibitory firing rates, consistent with the ISN prediction 1CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference2. 1CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference3 recorded six well-isolated inhibitory units in the dark to remove visual drive and quan... -
1CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference4 The first direct mouse demonstration in matched units came from a multi-area optogenetic experiment in which broad activation of inhibitory neurons in V1, S1, and motor cortex of awake animals produced a transient decrease — not increase — in inhibitory firing rates, consistent with the ISN prediction 1CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference5. 1CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference6 recorded six well-isolated inhibitory units in the dark to remove visual drive and quan... -
1CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference7 Paradoxical-effect signatures in mouse cortex. (A) 1CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference8 recorded inhibitory units in mouse V1, S1, and motor cortex during VGAT-ChR2 activation in the dark; six units gave a median initial firing-rate slope of −6.9 ± 3.5 spk/s (p = 0.046; 6/6 negative). The figure restricts the empirical comparison to studies that report firing-rate responses in matched units (spk/s). (B) 1CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference9 recorded paradoxical... -
2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference0 Paradoxical-effect signatures in mouse cortex. (A) 2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference1 recorded inhibitory units in mouse V1, S1, and motor cortex during VGAT-ChR2 activation in the dark; six units gave a median initial firing-rate slope of −6.9 ± 3.5 spk/s (p = 0.046; 6/6 negative). The figure restricts the empirical comparison to studies that report firing-rate responses in matched units (spk/s). (B) 2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference2 recorded paradoxical... -
2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference3 Paradoxical-effect signatures in mouse cortex. (A) 2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference4 recorded inhibitory units in mouse V1, S1, and motor cortex during VGAT-ChR2 activation in the dark; six units gave a median initial firing-rate slope of −6.9 ± 3.5 spk/s (p = 0.046; 6/6 negative). The figure restricts the empirical comparison to studies that report firing-rate responses in matched units (spk/s). (B) 2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference5 recorded paradoxical... -
2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference6 Paradoxical-effect signatures in mouse cortex. (A) 2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference7 recorded inhibitory units in mouse V1, S1, and motor cortex during VGAT-ChR2 activation in the dark; six units gave a median initial firing-rate slope of −6.9 ± 3.5 spk/s (p = 0.046; 6/6 negative). The figure restricts the empirical comparison to studies that report firing-rate responses in matched units (spk/s). (B) 2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference8 recorded paradoxical... -
2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference9 Paradoxical-effect signatures in mouse cortex. (A) 6CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference0 recorded inhibitory units in mouse V1, S1, and motor cortex during VGAT-ChR2 activation in the dark; six units gave a median initial firing-rate slope of −6.9 ± 3.5 spk/s (p = 0.046; 6/6 negative). The figure restricts the empirical comparison to studies that report firing-rate responses in matched units (spk/s). (B) 6CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference1 recorded paradoxical... -
6CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference2 Paradoxical-effect signatures in mouse cortex. (A) 6CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference3 recorded inhibitory units in mouse V1, S1, and motor cortex during VGAT-ChR2 activation in the dark; six units gave a median initial firing-rate slope of −6.9 ± 3.5 spk/s (p = 0.046; 6/6 negative). The figure restricts the empirical comparison to studies that report firing-rate responses in matched units (spk/s). (B) 6CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference4 recorded paradoxical... -
6CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference5 The paradoxical effect was originally derived in two-population (E, I) rate-model networks, where its appearance is a logical consequence of an unstable E→E loop 6CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference6. Cortex has at least three inhibitory classes — PV, SOM, VIP — and the diagnostic is not preserved under the change of variables. In a four-population (PYR/PV/SST/VIP) network analysis, 6CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference7 showed that paradoxical inhibi... -
6CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference8 The paradoxical effect was originally derived in two-population (E, I) rate-model networks, where its appearance is a logical consequence of an unstable E→E loop 6CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference9. Cortex has at least three inhibitory classes — PV, SOM, VIP — and the diagnostic is not preserved under the change of variables. In a four-population (PYR/PV/SST/VIP) network analysis, 2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference0 showed that paradoxical inhibi... -
2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference1 The paradoxical effect was originally derived in two-population (E, I) rate-model networks, where its appearance is a logical consequence of an unstable E→E loop 2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference2. Cortex has at least three inhibitory classes — PV, SOM, VIP — and the diagnostic is not preserved under the change of variables. In a four-population (PYR/PV/SST/VIP) network analysis, 2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference3 showed that paradoxical inhibi... -
2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference4 The paradoxical effect was originally derived in two-population (E, I) rate-model networks, where its appearance is a logical consequence of an unstable E→E loop 2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference5. Cortex has at least three inhibitory classes — PV, SOM, VIP — and the diagnostic is not preserved under the change of variables. In a four-population (PYR/PV/SST/VIP) network analysis, 2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference6 showed that paradoxical inhibi... -
2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference7 The paradoxical effect was originally derived in two-population (E, I) rate-model networks, where its appearance is a logical consequence of an unstable E→E loop 2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference8. Cortex has at least three inhibitory classes — PV, SOM, VIP — and the diagnostic is not preserved under the change of variables. In a four-population (PYR/PV/SST/VIP) network analysis, 2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference9 showed that paradoxical inhibi... -
3CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference0 The paradoxical effect was originally derived in two-population (E, I) rate-model networks, where its appearance is a logical consequence of an unstable E→E loop 3CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference1. Cortex has at least three inhibitory classes — PV, SOM, VIP — and the diagnostic is not preserved under the change of variables. In a four-population (PYR/PV/SST/VIP) network analysis, 3CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference2 showed that paradoxical inhibi... -
3CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference3 The paradoxical effect was originally derived in two-population (E, I) rate-model networks, where its appearance is a logical consequence of an unstable E→E loop 3CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference4. Cortex has at least three inhibitory classes — PV, SOM, VIP — and the diagnostic is not preserved under the change of variables. In a four-population (PYR/PV/SST/VIP) network analysis, 3CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference5 showed that paradoxical inhibi... -
3CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference6 The paradoxical effect was originally derived in two-population (E, I) rate-model networks, where its appearance is a logical consequence of an unstable E→E loop 3CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference7. Cortex has at least three inhibitory classes — PV, SOM, VIP — and the diagnostic is not preserved under the change of variables. In a four-population (PYR/PV/SST/VIP) network analysis, 3CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference8 showed that paradoxical inhibi... -
3CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference9 The paradoxical effect was originally derived in two-population (E, I) rate-model networks, where its appearance is a logical consequence of an unstable E→E loop 2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference00. Cortex has at least three inhibitory classes — PV, SOM, VIP — and the diagnostic is not preserved under the change of variables. In a four-population (PYR/PV/SST/VIP) network analysis, 2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference01 showed that paradoxical inhibi... -
2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference02 The paradoxical effect was originally derived in two-population (E, I) rate-model networks, where its appearance is a logical consequence of an unstable E→E loop 2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference03. Cortex has at least three inhibitory classes — PV, SOM, VIP — and the diagnostic is not preserved under the change of variables. In a four-population (PYR/PV/SST/VIP) network analysis, 2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference04 showed that paradoxical inhibi... -
2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference05 The paradoxical effect was originally derived in two-population (E, I) rate-model networks, where its appearance is a logical consequence of an unstable E→E loop 2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference06. Cortex has at least three inhibitory classes — PV, SOM, VIP — and the diagnostic is not preserved under the change of variables. In a four-population (PYR/PV/SST/VIP) network analysis, 2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference07 showed that paradoxical inhibi... -
2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference08 The paradoxical effect was originally derived in two-population (E, I) rate-model networks, where its appearance is a logical consequence of an unstable E→E loop 2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference09. Cortex has at least three inhibitory classes — PV, SOM, VIP — and the diagnostic is not preserved under the change of variables. In a four-population (PYR/PV/SST/VIP) network analysis, 2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference10 showed that paradoxical inhibi... -
2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference11 The paradoxical effect was originally derived in two-population (E, I) rate-model networks, where its appearance is a logical consequence of an unstable E→E loop 2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference12. Cortex has at least three inhibitory classes — PV, SOM, VIP — and the diagnostic is not preserved under the change of variables. In a four-population (PYR/PV/SST/VIP) network analysis, 2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference13 showed that paradoxical inhibi... -
2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference14 The paradoxical effect was originally derived in two-population (E, I) rate-model networks, where its appearance is a logical consequence of an unstable E→E loop 2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference15. Cortex has at least three inhibitory classes — PV, SOM, VIP — and the diagnostic is not preserved under the change of variables. In a four-population (PYR/PV/SST/VIP) network analysis, 2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference16 showed that paradoxical inhibi... -
2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference17 The paradoxical effect was originally derived in two-population (E, I) rate-model networks, where its appearance is a logical consequence of an unstable E→E loop 2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference18. Cortex has at least three inhibitory classes — PV, SOM, VIP — and the diagnostic is not preserved under the change of variables. In a four-population (PYR/PV/SST/VIP) network analysis, 2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference19 showed that paradoxical inhibi... -
2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference20 The paradoxical effect was originally derived in two-population (E, I) rate-model networks, where its appearance is a logical consequence of an unstable E→E loop 2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference21. Cortex has at least three inhibitory classes — PV, SOM, VIP — and the diagnostic is not preserved under the change of variables. In a four-population (PYR/PV/SST/VIP) network analysis, 2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference22 showed that paradoxical inhibi... -
2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}
sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference23 The paradoxical effect was originally derived in two-population (E, I) rate-model networks, where its appearance is a logical consequence of an unstable E→E loop 2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference24. Cortex has at least three inhibitory classes — PV, SOM, VIP — and the diagnostic is not preserved under the change of variables. In a four-population (PYR/PV/SST/VIP) network analysis, 2CitationThe cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}sec-cross-arealprovides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...content/09_amplification_isn.md:line 5Open reference25 showed that paradoxical inhibi... -
... 117 additional anchors in refs_json
References
- [Murphy2009] “The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}`sec-cross-areal` provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...”
- [Ahmadian2013] “The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}`sec-cross-areal` provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...”
- [Rubin2015] “The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}`sec-cross-areal` provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...”
- [Hennequin2014] “The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}`sec-cross-areal` provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...”
- [Kraynyukova2018] “The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}`sec-cross-areal` provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...”
- [Sadeh2017] “The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}`sec-cross-areal` provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...”
- [Hennequin2018] “The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}`sec-cross-areal` provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...”
- [Holt2024] “The cross-areal wiring inventoried in {ref}`sec-cross-areal` provides only a circuit diagram; it does not show how that circuit responds when small inputs arrive. The simplest physiological question the recurrent architecture poses is whether weak feedforward drive is amplified by intracortical excitation or simply relayed. A series of theoretical analyses argued — well before the relevant mouse experiments existed...”
- [Sanzeni2020] “The first direct mouse demonstration in matched units came from a multi-area optogenetic experiment in which broad activation of inhibitory neurons in V1, S1, and motor cortex of awake animals produced a transient decrease — not increase — in inhibitory firing rates, consistent with the ISN prediction [Sanzeni2020]. [Sanzeni2020] recorded six well-isolated inhibitory units in the dark to remove visual drive and quan...”
- [Kato2017] “The first direct mouse demonstration in matched units came from a multi-area optogenetic experiment in which broad activation of inhibitory neurons in V1, S1, and motor cortex of awake animals produced a transient decrease — not increase — in inhibitory firing rates, consistent with the ISN prediction [Sanzeni2020]. [Sanzeni2020] recorded six well-isolated inhibitory units in the dark to remove visual drive and quan...”
- [Briguglio2018] “The first direct mouse demonstration in matched units came from a multi-area optogenetic experiment in which broad activation of inhibitory neurons in V1, S1, and motor cortex of awake animals produced a transient decrease — not increase — in inhibitory firing rates, consistent with the ISN prediction [Sanzeni2020]. [Sanzeni2020] recorded six well-isolated inhibitory units in the dark to remove visual drive and quan...”
- [Li2019] “The first direct mouse demonstration in matched units came from a multi-area optogenetic experiment in which broad activation of inhibitory neurons in V1, S1, and motor cortex of awake animals produced a transient decrease — not increase — in inhibitory firing rates, consistent with the ISN prediction [Sanzeni2020]. [Sanzeni2020] recorded six well-isolated inhibitory units in the dark to remove visual drive and quan...”
- [Yang2017] “The first direct mouse demonstration in matched units came from a multi-area optogenetic experiment in which broad activation of inhibitory neurons in V1, S1, and motor cortex of awake animals produced a transient decrease — not increase — in inhibitory firing rates, consistent with the ISN prediction [Sanzeni2020]. [Sanzeni2020] recorded six well-isolated inhibitory units in the dark to remove visual drive and quan...”
- [RomeroSosa2021] “The first direct mouse demonstration in matched units came from a multi-area optogenetic experiment in which broad activation of inhibitory neurons in V1, S1, and motor cortex of awake animals produced a transient decrease — not increase — in inhibitory firing rates, consistent with the ISN prediction [Sanzeni2020]. [Sanzeni2020] recorded six well-isolated inhibitory units in the dark to remove visual drive and quan...”
- [Aponte2021] “The first direct mouse demonstration in matched units came from a multi-area optogenetic experiment in which broad activation of inhibitory neurons in V1, S1, and motor cortex of awake animals produced a transient decrease — not increase — in inhibitory firing rates, consistent with the ISN prediction [Sanzeni2020]. [Sanzeni2020] recorded six well-isolated inhibitory units in the dark to remove visual drive and quan...”
- [Mahrach2020] “**Paradoxical-effect signatures in mouse cortex.** (A) [Sanzeni2020] recorded inhibitory units in mouse V1, S1, and motor cortex during VGAT-ChR2 activation in the dark; six units gave a median initial firing-rate slope of −6.9 ± 3.5 spk/s (p = 0.046; 6/6 negative). The figure restricts the empirical comparison to studies that report firing-rate responses in matched units (spk/s). (B) [Kato2017] recorded paradoxical...”
- [LitwinKumar2016] “The paradoxical effect was originally derived in two-population (E, I) rate-model networks, where its appearance is a logical consequence of an unstable E→E loop [Murphy2009, Ahmadian2013]. Cortex has at least three inhibitory classes — PV, SOM, VIP — and the diagnostic is not preserved under the change of variables. In a four-population (PYR/PV/SST/VIP) network analysis, [Mahrach2020] showed that paradoxical inhibi...”
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